Tag: baseball

  • The 2004 MLB All-Stars Tour of Japan

    The 2004 MLB All-Stars Tour of Japan

    by Trevor Raichura

    Every Monday morning we will post an article from SABR’s award-winning books Nichibei Yakyu: Volumes I and II. Each will present a different chapter in the long history of US-Japan baseball relations. This week Trevor Raichura tells us MLB-Japan All-Star series.

    It was the best of times, it was the worst of times. One of the longest droughts in baseball history came to an end in 2004 when the Boston Red Sox won their first World Series since 1918. With that victory, a new age was dawning. One in which even the Chicago Cubs could start hoping for a title of their own sooner rather than later. (And it came, in 2016.)

    However, on the other side of the ocean, Nippon Professional Baseball experienced one of the most trying, core-changing seasons in its history. Two Pacific League teams, the Orix BlueWave and the Kintetsu Buffaloes, reached an agreement to merge at season’s end, leaving an imbalance (five teams) in league structure.

    The players, voicing concern over the potential ramifications of this merger (one possibility floating around was a reduction from 12 to 8 teams in a single-league format), went on strike for two days. (This was the first and only strike in NPB history.) However, instead of downsizing, the league searched for a corporation to form an expansion team. The two main candidates were Livedoor, an internet company, and Rakuten, a commerce conglomerate owned by Hiroshi Mikitani, which won the right to join NPB, forming the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles in 2005.

    Amid the restructuring of the league came the announcement that interleague play would begin during the coming season, a draft scandal, and rumors of a second merger between two more flailing Pacific League franchises. On top of this, Japan was coming out of 2004 still feeling the sting of losing their semifinal match against unheralded Australia at the Summer Olympics in Athens. They would ultimately take the Bronze, but it was a disappointing finish for a nation expecting to contend for the Gold.

    The 2004 Japan All-Star Series was more than just a feel-good series of friendly games between star players from two baseball organizations. Japan yearned to show it belonged in the conversation of baseball juggernauts. It needed to assure its fan base that the health of its de facto national sport was sound as well. And so, when the MLB representatives came to play eight games in 10 days at five domed stadiums across Japan, winning was actually important to one of the teams.

    The 28 major leaguers comprised 19 Americans, 3 Venezuelans, 2 Dominicans, 2 Puerto Ricans, and 2 Japanese – Kazuhisa Ishii and Akinori Otsuka, who had played the previous season with the Los Angeles Dodgers and San Diego Padres respectively.

    The All-MLB Roster

    • Pitchers: Kiko Calero (St. Louis Cardinals), Roger Clemens (Houston Astros), Kazuhisa Ishii (Los Angeles Dodgers), Ray King (St. Louis Cardinals), Scott Linebrink (San Diego Padres), Kyle Lohse (Minnesota Twins), Jason Marquis (St. Louis Cardinals), Akinori Otsuka (San Diego Padres), Jake Peavy (San Diego Padres), Mark Redman (Oakland Athletics), Chris Reitsma (Atlanta Braves), Francisco Rodriguez (Anaheim Angels), Scot Shields (Anaheim Angels), Dontrelle Willis (Florida Marlins)
    • Catchers: Johnny Estrada (Atlanta Braves), Victor Martinez (Cleveland Indians)
    • Infielders: Hank Blalock (Texas Rangers), Alex Cora (Los Angeles Dodgers), Marcus Giles (Atlanta Braves), David Ortiz (Boston Red Sox), Jack Wilson (Pittsburgh Pirates), Michael Young (Texas Rangers)
    • Outfielders: Moisés Alou (Chicago Cubs), Miguel Cabrera (Florida Marlins), Carl Crawford (Tampa Bay Devil Rays), Manny Ramirez (Boston Red Sox), Vernon Wells (Toronto Blue Jays), Brad Wilkerson (Montreal Expos)
    • Coaching Staff: Bruce Bochy (San Diego Padres), Jim Colborn (Los Angeles Dodgers), Pat Corrales (Atlanta Braves), Bill Robinson (Florida Marlins)

    Note: Albert Pujols (Cardinals), Alfonso Soriano (Rangers), Miguel Tejada (Orioles), and LaTroy Hawkins (Cubs) were selected but did not participate due to injury.

    The All-NPB Roster

    • Pitchers: Nagisa Arakaki (Fukuoka Daiei Hawks), Ryota Igarashi (Tokyo Yakult Swallows), Kei Igawa (Hanshin Tigers), Hirotoshi Ishii (Tokyo Yakult Swallows), Takeharu Kato (Yokohama Bay Stars), Hiroyuki Kobayashi (Chiba Lotte Marines), Hisashi Iwakuma (Kintetsu Buffaloes), Daisuke Matsuzaka (Seibu Lions), Koji Mise (Fukuoka Daiei Hawks), Koji Uehara (Yomiuri Giants), Shunsuke Watanabe (Chiba Lotte Marines), Kazuo Yamaguchi (Orix BlueWave), Yukiya Yokoyama (Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters)
    • Catchers: Shinnosuke Abe (Yomiuri Giants), Atsuya Furuta (Tokyo Yakult Swallows), Kenji Johjima (Fukuoka Daiei Hawks)
    • Infielders: Kazuya Fukuura (Chiba Lotte Marines), Hirokazu Ibata (Chunichi Dragons), Makoto Imaoka (Hanshin Tigers), Akinori Iwamura (Tokyo Yakult Swallows), Hiroyuki Nakajima (Seibu Lions), Toshihisa Nishi (Yomiuri Giants), Michihiro Ogasawara (Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters)
    • Outfielders: Norihiro Akahoshi (Hanshin Tigers), Takahiro Saeki (Yokohama Bay Stars), Shigenobu Shima (Hiroshima Toyo Carp), Hitoshi Tamura (Yokohama Bay Stars), Kazuhiro Wada (Seibu Lions)
    • Coaching Staff: Sadaharu Oh (Fukuoka Daiei Hawks), Takao Obana (Fukuoka Daiei Hawks), Hiromasa Arai (Fukuoka Daiei Hawks)

    Note: Fan selections Kosuke Fukudome (Chunichi Dragons), Yoshinobu Takahashi (Yomiuri Giants), Tsuyoshi Shinjo (Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters), Nobuhiko Matsunaka (Fukuoka Daiei Hawks), Tomohiro Nioka (Yomiuri Giants), Hiroki Kokubo (Yomiuri Giants), plus manager selection Tadahito Iguchi (Fukuoka Daiei Hawks) did not participate due to sickness and/or injury.

    Starting on November 5, 2004, the two teams played three games in three days at Tokyo Dome. They took a day off to travel to Fukuoka, located in southwestern Japan. After a single game there, they migrated east to Osaka for a game the next day. The very next day they flew up to the northernmost island of Hokkaido to play a game in Sapporo. Then it was down to Nagoya in central Japan, followed by a day of rest. The series wrapped up where it started, in Tokyo, on November 14.

    Game 1: November 5, Tokyo Dome

    Among those in attendance were Japanese-born major-league players Kazuo Matsui (New York Mets), Tomo Ohka (Montreal Expos), and Shingo Takatsu (Chicago White Sox). Also celebrating the opening of the tournament was the US ambassador to Japan, Howard H. Baker Jr., who said the tour was beginning to take on an atmosphere similar to the World Series in recent years.

    Much of the focus in this game was on MLB starter Roger Clemens, who at age 42 had already won six Cy Young Awards in his illustrious career. It took the NPB All-Stars until the bottom of the fifth inning to open the scoring with two runs (one earned) off Clemens. Japanese shortstop Hirokazu Ibata said after the game that Clemens felt a lot closer to home plate than regular pitchers do because of his intimidating size. Kenji Johjima said Clemens was beyond the realm of good pitchers: His fastball was fast, his forkball was amazing, and he was grateful to just make contact with his pitches. Clemens left the game before finishing the fifth inning, much to his dismay. He said it was hard for him to figure out the hitters, with this being his first time ever facing them, but that, all things considered, he felt he had done well.

    The major leaguers, who had been stymied by starter Koji Uehara up to this point, put up three runs in the top of the sixth. David Ortiz singled home Carl Crawford and Hank Blalock, and the pinch-runner for Ortiz, Brad Wilkerson, scored on Vernon Wells’s sacrifice fly. Ortiz said he had noticed that Uehara’s forkball was coming in low on other batters, but the one he got hold of stayed up in the zone. That said, he felt that if Uehara were able to adjust to the major league strike zone and get ahead in counts, he would have no problems succeeding in America.

    The MLB All-Stars put up four more runs in the top of the seventh on five singles and a walk, all coming against Kazuo Yamaguchi, to win 7-2. Kiko Calero earned the win by completing the fifth inning for Clemens.

    After the game, Clemens said, “I really enjoyed it but I was surprised that the crowd was more quiet compared to last time I visited here (1992).” Manager Bruce Bochy said Ortiz was the spark plug that helped his team overcome a two-run deficit, and that they would need to keep playing this way in order to win more games in this series. Japanese manager Sadaharu Oh said he had hoped his team would win while the major leaguers were still adjusting to Japan, but that they would need to hit better. He also had high praise for the MLB hitters’ bat speed.

    This game was of added interest because Uehara grew up idolizing Clemens and even attended Game Three of the 2004 National League Championship Series in Houston, for which Clemens was the Astros’ starter. “There was a lot I could learn by watching the game live. But I would not have gone all that way if I wasn’t also interested in pitching there someday,” Uehara said. The two were able to sit down and talk to each other on November 3 when the MLB team arrived in Japan, and Clemens signed a jersey and gave it to Uehara. “I have never before and will probably never again pay that much attention to how another pitcher goes about his business on the mound during the game,” an awestruck Uehara said after the game. “I have tried to model my own form after his. The signed uniform will get framed and hung in my house.”

    Game 2: November 6, Tokyo Dome

    The first-ever Japanese major-league player, left-handed pitcher Masanori Murakami, threw out the ceremonial first pitch while wearing a San Francisco Giants uniform. The 60-year-old commented that he was looking forward to seeing a lot of good games in the series.

    The scoring in this seesaw battle began in the bottom of the first with Carl Crawford’s leadoff home run off starter Shunsuke Watanabe. The NPB All-Stars responded with Norihiro Akahoshi’s two-run triple in the top of the second.

    The MLB team tied the game in the bottom of the frame, as Brad Wilkerson doubled Vernon Wells home. David Ortiz then hit the most talked-about home run of the entire tour in the bottom of the fourth, taking Watanabe deep to right. The estimated distance of his home run was 160 meters (525 feet). “I knew when I hit it that I got all of it,” Ortiz said. “I thought for a second that it might land in the Dominican (Republic). It was a 3-and-0 count, maybe he didn’t think I would swing. He’s not exactly like (MLB reliever) Takatsu, but pitchers like him who have an unorthodox delivery are hard to hit. But I saw the ball well, and he threw it right down the middle, so [hitting a home run] is to be expected.” Watanabe took the blow in stride, commenting, “It felt like he hit that ball almost twice the length of the stadium. You can’t make any mistakes against these guys.” He was even a little self-deprecatory, joking, “It actually felt good to be part of one of the best home runs ever hit.”

    The talk about Ortiz’s home run did not end there. Carl Crawford said, “If that building had not been a dome, there is no telling how far it would have traveled.” Daisuke Matsuzaka speculated that if they had used NPB regulation balls, which were livelier than MLB balls, the home run could have traveled more than 180 meters (590 feet). Bruce Bochy said it was the longest home run he had ever seen. Furthermore, Hirotoshi Ishii, who later in the game struck Ortiz out, said, “He looked mad at the end when I did not challenge him with my fastball. But I took the matchup seriously and after seeing what he did to the last fastball he faced, I could not dare to throw him another one.”

    With the Japanese down a run in the top of the fifth, Akahoshi scored on Akinori Iwamura’s single to tie the game, 3-3. After the game, Bochy had high praise for Akahoshi: “He’s an exciting player. Just like Crawford, he is able to make a difference with his speed and his bat. Very impressive.”

    The game was decided in the bottom of the eighth, as Victor Martinez and Wilkerson hit back-to-back RBI singles to help their team win 5-3. Said Ortiz: “We came here to win. We’re still a little tired, but we’re going to keep on playing hard.”

    Kyle Lohse started for the MLB team, surrendering three runs in 4⅔ innings. “We’re playing in (Hideki) Matsui’s home country. We have to be careful and throw well,” he commented postgame.

    The win went to Chris Reitsma, who pitched a clean eighth inning. Sadaharu Oh said that despite his team having a chance to win, the MLB squad was playing hard, too. He was glad that it was not a one-sided affair and hoped his team would do better the next day. As for Ortiz’s home run, he said with a smile, “It was perfect. His batting is all about power.”

    Read the full version of this article on the SABR website

  • Korea’s Senior-Junior Culture, From Obedience to Respect

    Korea’s Senior-Junior Culture, From Obedience to Respect

    by Sion Ahn

    18.44 meters. The distance between the mound and home plate. Unlike a pitch thrown by a pitcher, which reaches the catcher in the blink of an eye, it took a long time for the hearts of seniors and juniors to reach one another. That was because of the senior-junior culture represented by school years and class cohorts. In Korean baseball in the past, senior-junior culture also became a justification for violence that suppressed individuals and enforced team discipline.

    On March 21, 1979, Yonsei University lost 4-2 to Dongguk University in a college baseball tournament. A pitcher named Chul-soon Park started the game and gave up two runs, and then a pitcher named Dong-won Choi came in and gave up two more, allowing four runs in total. These two pitchers would later become legendary figures in the KBO. After the loss, the upperclassmen on the Yonsei University baseball team gathered the underclassmen together. In a session meant to look back on the game, the seniors beat the juniors in the name of disciplining them. At that gathering, Chul-soon Park struck Dong-won Choi with a baseball bat. As a result, Dong-won Choi suffered a serious back injury that left his underwear soaked with blood and required two weeks of treatment. Later, this injury would put the brakes on Dong-won Choi’s professional career and become one of the causes of his early retirement. It was later revealed that this violence against juniors had not happened only once, but had also occurred after a previous practice game and after a game against Korea University the year before. Years later, Chul-soon Park chose this as the incident he regretted most in his life. But it reflected the dark side of the atmosphere of the times, when violence was tolerated if it was for the sake of victory, and of a senior-junior culture in which it was not seen as strange for seniors to punish juniors in the name of discipline.

    The team discipline of the Haitai Tigers in the 1980s and 1990s, the predecessor of today’s KIA Tigers, was also famously fierce. Unlike today, Korean professional baseball at the time was based on a strong regional franchise system. The Tigers, located in the Honam region, had an overwhelming number of players from Honam, and this created a powerful bond that could not be found anywhere else. From a distance, the close bond within the team seemed to reduce disputes or conflict among players. But when behavior violated the rules between seniors and juniors, beatings and physical punishment would immediately follow. Juniors had to prepare the field and snacks before games, and it is said that they could even be slapped if they laughed during practice when the team mood was bad. On top of that, there were various forms of discipline, such as gatherings after games and fanning cigarette smoke away from seniors when they smoked. There were even separate “discipline chiefs” who strongly controlled this atmosphere.

    As an extension of this atmosphere, unwritten rules also emerged in Korean baseball. Korean baseball has unwritten rules that include not only respect for the opposing team and its players, but also respect for seniors. For example, when pitchers hit a senior player at bat with a pitch, if they do not bow and apologize, they are seen as players without manners toward seniors. Conversely, if a junior batter is hit by a pitch thrown by a senior pitcher and shows discomfort, it is taken as a challenge to the senior, and the atmosphere in the ballpark pushes the junior into the position of being a rude player. In addition, when a junior hits a home run off a pitch thrown by a senior pitcher, celebrating too much or running the bases slowly is also seen as an act that does not respect the senior. In this way, the dark side of senior-junior culture forced freedom of expression into the frame of “manners” and gave birth to new unwritten rules.

    The wind of change began to blow through this vertical culture in Korean baseball because of players who started to see the role of seniors not as “domination,” but as “support.” Players who disliked having trained under a dominating atmosphere tried, once they reached the position of seniors, to lead their teams in a different atmosphere. Historically, seniors led teams through fear and power. Now, they lead through a kind of leadership that passes their experience and strengths on to juniors. Unlike the past, when seniors gathered everyone together and used violence over every mistake made by juniors, seniors now approach juniors directly, talk to them so that they can come to realizations on their own, and offer advice.

    Korean baseball no longer moves under a strict and rigid atmosphere. It does not kill individuality, suppress freedom, or force only one person’s way on everyone else. Shin-soo Choo and Kwang-hyun Kim take juniors overseas and help them train, while Hyun-jin Ryu personally covers the cost of juniors’ overseas training and asks them to actively ask questions. In this way, seniors are instead approaching juniors directly.

    Furthermore, there are no longer juniors who find it difficult even to ask questions because they are afraid of seniors. Instead, there are now many juniors who directly ask about seniors’ strengths, learn from them, and try to make those strengths their own. Juniors ask directly about pitching methods, hitting know-how, and situational judgment, and they try to receive those skills. This attitude among juniors has raised not only the level of teams, but also the overall standard of the league. In this way, seniors in Korean baseball today have become not figures who block the growth of juniors and feel jealous of them, but figures who actively support juniors so that they can grow.

    Korean baseball has evolved from an atmosphere of “obedience,” born from the darkness of past senior-junior culture, into “respect” for one another. Dong-won Choi’s back, injured by a senior, hurt terribly, and the hit-by-pitches that could not even be expressed because of senior-junior relationships hurt as well. But healthy communication, achieved without simply passing those pains down unchanged, has given the next generation of leading figures in Korean baseball both strong ability and a better atmosphere.

  • The 2000 All-Star Series in Japan

    The 2000 All-Star Series in Japan

    by Dave Wilkie

    Every Monday morning we will post an article from SABR’s award-winning books Nichibei Yakyu: Volumes I and II. Each will present a different chapter in the long history of US-Japan baseball relations. This week DAVE WILKIE tells us about the 2000 MLB vs Japan All-Star Series.

    Japanese baseball was front and center as the excitement of the new millennium kicked off with an unprecedented Opening Day celebration and ended with a matchup between two star-studded teams battling for world baseball supremacy. Between these two major events, Japan’s greatest closer would win the American League’s Rookie of the Year Award, and the first full-time position player would attempt to make the jump from Japanese superstar to major-league legend.

    Japan has a long history of hosting American baseball teams, including many prominent White major-league and Black Negro League teams from the past. In 1986 a new competition began, pitting major-league All-Stars against NPB All-Stars in a biennial series that continued in this form until 2006. (The 1994 matchup was canceled because of the US players strike.) There were 11 such events and by the 2000 version the dominance of the major leaguers had been firmly established.

    Setting the stage for the 2000 All-Star Series was the major leagues’ first Opening Day ever played outside of North America, pitting the New York Mets against Sammy Sosa’s Chicago Cubs. Sosa was an icon in Japan thanks to his visit in 1998 when he launched three home runs, batted a sensational .481, and ran away with the series MVP award. It didn’t hurt that Japanese slugging superstar Hideki Matsui of the Yomiuri Giants was also one of Sosa’s biggest fans. After Matsui slugged a home run in front of his counterpart in an exhibition game before the Opening Day series, he said, “It’s good to hit a home run in front of Sammy because he taught me how to bat last year.” Matsui’s praise for Sosa didn’t stop there. He added, “I learned a lot from Sammy Sosa about hitting technique.” Matsui had performed well in the previous two Japan All-Star Series and was once again set to compete in the 2000 contest. Hideki “Godzilla” Matsui had already proven his dominance in Japan and he was paving the way for his eventual jump to the major leagues.

    The two-game Opening Day series marked the first time major-league baseball played games that counted in Japan and the players were wary of the 16-hour flight and how it might affect the first few weeks of the season. Some 55,000 watched as the teams split the two games, played on March 29 and 30. Commissioner Bud Selig hoped that this series would be a stepping stone to a future in which American teams would be pitted against their Japanese rivals to determine a true world series champion. Baseball ambassador and lifelong Dodgers luminary Tommy Lasorda agreed when he stated, “I wouldn’t be surprised if sometime soon – not in my lifetime, ’cause I’m too old – the winner of the American World Series would play the winner of the Japanese World Series. I think that would be fantastic.” Lasorda, along with Hall of Famers Hank Aaron and Ernie Banks, also made the trip to Japan.

    The fall’s All-Star Series consisted of eight games, played between November 3 and November 12, in five Japanese cities. Although the tour was planned months in advance, the major league roster was announced just a week before the trip. The squad of 15 position players and 13 pitchers included Barry Bonds, Roberto and Sandy Alomar, Carlos Delgado, Jeff Kent, Gary Sheffield, Randy Johnson, and Kazuhisa Sasaki.

    At the helm for the Major League All-Stars was future Hall of Fame manager Bobby Cox who brought a powerhouse team with him to Japan.Highlights from his managerial career included four Manager of the Year Awards, 15 divisional titles, and a World Series championship with the Atlanta Braves in 1995. He was also famously ejected from 165 games, by far the most by any manager in major-league history. Cox had this to say about his team’s preparation and the long flight to Japan from the States: “We hadn’t played in a long time, but we had three excellent workouts. Today everybody felt pretty good. If we had to play yesterday, that would have been tough, but the second day’s not bad.”

    The Japanese team consisted of most of the country’s top stars with the notable exception of Ichiro Suzuki, who sat out the series as he negotiated a move to the major leagues. The roster included Hideki Matsui, Kenji Johjima, Tsuyoshi Shinjyo, Atsuya Furuta, and So Taguchi. Japanese baseball god and the country’s most popular star, Shigeo Nagashima, was set to manage the first two games for the Japanese team. Mr. Baseball, as Nagashima was called in Japan, had just guided the legendary Yomiuri Giants to a six-game victory over the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks in Japan’s version of the World Series, the Japan Series. Making the victory even sweeter, he triumphed over his old rival and teammate, the world’s all-time home run king, Sadaharu Oh. Oh would take over the managerial duties for the Japanese All-Stars for the third game of the series. Nagashima and Oh won nine straight Japan Series titles between 1965 and 1973 as Yomiuri Giants teammates and played together for a remarkable 16 seasons. Their personalities were like night and day, though, with Nagashima playing the role of the movie star. He was animated, good looking and humorous, and played the game with a joyous abandon. Oh, on the other hand, was a baseball samurai, aikido- and kendo-trained and far more robotic in his approach to the game. He also slugged 868 home runs, far outpacing his American peers, Hank Aaron and Babe Ruth. But Oh would always live in Nagashima’s shadow, as Lou Gehrig would live in Babe Ruth’s. The Hawks took the first two games of the Japan Series, but then the mighty Giants swept the next four to secure the championship led by Mr. Baseball and Godzilla, who took home the series MVP honors.

    Game 1 in the Japan/Major League All-Star Series was set for November 3, and New York Met Jay Payton was the only returning player from the Opening Day festivities. Payton’s Mets were coming off a World Series loss to the New York Yankees. Payton had played well, appearing in all five games and hitting .333 with a home run and three RBIs. He seemed excited to be back in Japan, exclaiming, “It’s nice because I started the season here and I’m finishing up here.” Payton placed third in the National League Rookie of the Year voting and continued his success in Game 1 of the All-Star Series, going 2-for-4 with an RBI in the MLB All-Stars’ 8-5 triumph. Japan’s starting pitcher, Hisanori Takahashi was tagged for six earned runs in three innings and took the loss. Takahashi was coming off a stellar rookie season for the champion Yomiuri Giants that saw him go 9-6 with a 3.18 ERA. Takahashi also shined with a Game 5 shutout against the Daiei Hawks in the Japan Series that year but didn’t have his stuff against the Major League All-Stars, serving up home run balls to Roberto Alomar, Sheffield, and Delgado before exiting the game. Takahashi would get his chance in the major leagues, pitching well in 2010 and 2011 until age got the best of him. Kazuhiro Sasaki pitched a perfect ninth for the Major League All-Stars to earn the save and Bonds chipped in with the team’s fourth home run.

    Takeshi Yamasaki had a fine game for the Japanese All-Stars, going 2-for-3 with two runs scored, a double, and a walk. In 1987, as an 18-year-old, Yamasaki played for the Los Angeles Dodgers’ Gulf Coast League team before returning to Japan full-time. He was unable to record a hit in 10 at-bats for the Dodgers farm club, but etched out a solid career in the Japanese leagues, smashing 403 home runs and driving in 1,215 runs in a career spanning 25 years. After belting two hits in the opener of the series, Yamasaki slumped and failed to record another hit, going 0-for-10 the rest of the way.

    In what must have felt like an uphill climb for the Japanese team they faced 6-foot-10 left-handed fireball pitching ace Randy Johnson in Game 2 of the series. The Big Unit was coming off a 19-7 season with the Arizona Diamondbacks in which he struck out a mind-boggling 347 batters in 248⅔ innings. Japan’s 5-foot-7 leadoff hitter, Toshihisa Nishi, stepped to the plate against Johnson in the top of the third inning. Nishi was also a member of the title-winning Yomiuri Giants, stroking .360 in the Japan Series, and was named to his second all-star squad for the 2000 season. Nishi was best known for his defense at second base and won four consecutive Gold Gloves between 1999 and 2002. (After his career in Japan ended, he signed with the Lancaster (Pennsylvania) Barnstormers, an independent Atlantic League team, becoming their first Japanese player in a strange ending to his professional career.) Nishi laced a double to right center, scoring Kenji Johjima, to put Japan on the board. Johnson lasted only three innings, leaving down 2-1, but registered seven strikeouts in his brief outing.

    The game was tied going into the bottom of the ninth, after Japan tied the score with three runs on five hits in the top of the fifth inning. Unfortunately for Japan, usually reliable closer Masahide Kobayashi gave up a walk-off “sayonara” home run to light-hitting shortstop Omar Vizquel.

    Japan’s bats finally came alive in Game 3 as the team pounded out eight runs in the first two innings off shell-shocked MLB starter Livan Hernandez. It was a balanced attack as all nine starters managed at least one hit. Sadaharu Oh took over the managerial reigns for the Japanese club on this occasion. Tatsuhiko Kinjo was the game’s star. Kinjo’s 2000 rookie season was one for the ages as the infielder pounded the ball at a .346 clip, capturing the Central League batting title and rookie of the year honors in the process. Kinjo was drawing comparisons to perennial batting champ Ichiro Suzuki at the time, but ultimately he would never live up to these lofty expectations, partially due to an ongoing battle with his weight. His Game 3 performance included rapping out four hits in four at-bats, scoring three runs and driving in two in Japan’s 20-hit attack. Kinjo commented on his showing. “I had confidence I could play good defense, but I was happy I hit so well. It’s nice that the major leaguers now know my name.” In addition to Kinjo’s heroics, Nishi recorded his second straight three-hit game and both Hideki Matsui and Tsuyoshi Shinjo had three hits. The final score was 14-2 as Japan’s bullpen held the MLB squad scoreless for the last six innings.

    Kazuhiro Sasaki, in his first year with the Seattle Mariners, was named the American League Rookie of the Year on the day off between Games 3 and 4, although the 32-year-old had spent the previous 10 seasons as Japan’s top closer and all-time saves leader. Sasaki was the second-oldest player to win the award – Negro League great Sam Jethroe was 33 when he won the award in 1950 –and the second Japanese player to win it after Hideo Nomo in 1995. Sasaki had this to say about the honor. “I did not think I was going to receive this award because I did play in Japan for ten years.” He also spoke about how the Japanese leagues compared to US major-league baseball. “It is very difficult to say, but I can tell you the level of baseball in America and Japan are very different. America is definitely higher. The level in Japan is coming along.” Sasaki had four very good seasons with the Mariners, but homesickness led him back to Japan in 2004 when he walked away from the final year of his contract and $8.5 million to be with his family. For his many accomplishments, Kazuhiro Sasaki was inducted into Japan’s Hall of Fame in 2014.

    The rules laid out before the series dictated that all games would be limited to nine innings and this came into play in the fourth game of the competition. Japan led, 2-1, after seven innings, but the MLB All-Stars tied it up in the eighth on Payton’s triple and Bonds’ RBI single. That was the extent of the scoring and the game ended in a 2-2 tie. Starting pitcher Tomohiro “Johnny” Kuroki was the standout for the Japan team, hurling five innings and allowing just three hits and one earned run. Kuroki added eight strikeouts before leaving the game up 2-1. Kuroki, a fan favorite of the Chiba Lotte Marines, was plagued by injuries throughout his career and retired seven years later at the age of 33. In 2013 Kuroki was the pitching coach for the Nippon Ham Fighters when 18-year-old Shohei Ohtani made his debut. Kuroki coached him for five years and had this to say about his star pupil in 2018: “A player like that is a treasure. He has a chance to make history and the entire Fighters organization worked to help him get there. But the person who worked the hardest was him. He has a strong heart.”

    Tomoaki Kanemoto was Japan’s top hitter in the Game 4 tie, going 2-for-4 with an RBI and a stolen base. Kanemoto had a magnificent career and was best known for his 1,766-consecutive-game streak. The streak included an incredible run of 1,492 consecutive games in which he played every inning without rest, easily outdistancing Cal Ripken’s major-league streak of 903. On the day Kanemoto passed Ripken, the Orioles ironman congratulated him with a message on the scoreboard and a bat with “Congratulations, keep playing” inscribed on it. Kanemoto wrapped up his 21-year career in 2012 with 476 homers, 1,521 RBIs, 2,539 hits, 1,430 runs, and a .285 lifetime average. Out of all these accomplishments, Kanemoto was most proud of going 1,002 straight plate appearances without hitting into a double play. His remarkable career was rewarded with election to the Japan Baseball Hall of Fame in 2018.

    The Japanese All-Stars once again fell short in Game 5. A scoreless battle was broken up in the top of the seventh inning when hits by Game 2 hero Omar Vizquel and Barry Bonds put the visitors up for good. The major-league team took the game, 5-1, as Masahide Kobayashi once again faltered in relief and could not keep his team in the game.

    On November 9, the day Game 6 took place, the Orix Bluewave of Japan’s Pacific League announced that they had accepted a bid of $13,125,000 from an undisclosed major-league team for the right to negotiate for the services of Japanese superstar and seven-time batting champion Ichiro Suzuki. This would give Ichiro the chance to become the first full-time position player to make the leap to the major leagues. Bobby Cox shared his thoughts about the lifetime .353 hitter: “If some team is offering that much money for just the right to negotiate, he’s got to be a great player. If he’s as good as I’ve heard, he’ll obviously be the first Japanese position player in the majors and could open the door for more (non-pitchers to go to the major leagues).” Ichiro, of course, went on to stardom with the Seattle Mariners and is expected to be a shoo-in for the Hall of Fame when he becomes eligible in 2025.

    Game 6 was a masterful pitching duel won by the Japanese team, 1-0. The powerful MLB team was limited to a lone hit, a sixth-inning single by Shawn Green. Starting pitcher Hisanori Takahashi more than made up for his Game 1 shellacking by no-hitting the American team through his five innings of work. Major-league starter Randy Johnson was almost as effective, going four innings and striking out seven. In Johnson’s two starts in the series he racked up an amazing 14 strikeouts in seven innings. First baseman Michihiro Ogasawara drove in the winning run in the eighth with a double, scoring teammate Tatsuhiko Kinjo with the game’s only tally.

    Ogasawara was at the top of his game after the 2000 season in which he batted .329 with 31 homers and 102 RBIs. He also scored 126 runs, a Pacific League record at the time. Ogasawara joined the exclusive Meikyukai Golden Players Club when he finished his career with 2,180 hits. This club rewards players who achieve lifetime marks of 200 wins, 250 saves, or 2,000 hits. Ogasawara finished his spectacular career with 383 home runs, 1,198 RBIs, and a career batting average of .309. At his retirement news conference in 2015 he said, “I feel relieved, kind of like this day has finally come. I have got all kinds of mixed feelings but feel refreshed.” Ogasawara added back-to-back MVP awards in 2006 and 2007 and collected six Golden Gloves and seven Best Nine Awards to round out his impressive résumé.

    Game 7, much like Game 3, was not a competitive contest, only this time it was the major leaguers doing all the damage. Japan led 3-0 after three innings, but the top of the fourth inning sealed Japan’s fate. The disastrous inning included six hits and was capped off by a Barry Bonds three-run home run, his third homer of the series, as the visitors scored eight runs. The major leaguers pounded out seven doubles in the game including two by Troy Glaus, who contributed five RBIs. Takashi Ishii was hit hard and coughed up seven earned runs in four laborious innings. In what was almost a mirror image of Game 3, the MLB team ran away with it, 13-5.

    Ishii’s claim to fame was his MVP performance for the Seibu Lions in the 2004 Japan Series, when he won the deciding seventh game with a masterful six-inning, three-hit, no-run showing against the Chunichi Dragons. For the series Ishii won two games without surrendering a run in 13 innings, giving up just five hits and striking out eight. The unlikely hero was an underwhelming 1-5 during the regular season with a 4.65 ERA in 14 starts. This was the first time a pitcher had ever won more games in a Japan Series than he did in the whole regular season.

    Game 7 was the clincher for the MLB team; the victory put them up four games to two with a tie and only one game remaining. Nevertheless, Game 8 turned out to be an exciting matchup and a good showcase for two of Japan’s soon-to-be defectors. Flamboyant fan favorite Tsuyoshi Shinjo went 2-for-2 and drove in two runs to give him five RBIs for the series, and Hideki Matsui had three hits in Japan’s 5-4 loss. Matsui and Shinjo would find themselves in the major leagues within three years of this contest, with Shinjo becoming the second position player to make the journey after Ichiro. Of the two, Matsui attained more success, becoming the first power hitter to make the transition. Matsui crushed 20 or more homers in five of his 10 major-league seasons and eclipsed the 100-RBI mark four times. The highlight of Matsui’s major-league stay was his 2009 World Series MVP award for the champion New York Yankees. In that Series, Matsui hit an otherworldly .615 with three home runs and eight RBIs. Matsui is a member of both the Meikyukai and Japan’s Baseball Hall of Fame.

    The MLB All-Stars, as was the case in most of these season-ending events, were the victors, taking the series five games to two with one tie. Fittingly, former Japanese star Kazuhiro Sasaki finished off the home team with his second save of the series in the Game 8 finale. “It might have been better if this was the deciding game,” Cox said, “but still it was pretty dramatic with the hometown hero coming on to play in front of the Japanese fans and pitch against the Japanese all-stars and strike out the last two batters.”

    Closer inspection shows a much more even competition. Japan led in batting average, .301 to .284, on-base-percentage, doubles, and stolen bases, but was horribly overmatched in the slugging department, hitting only two home runs to the MLB team’s nine. Japan also out fielded their counterparts, committing just three errors in the eight-game series, but it was pitching that eventually let them down. Forty-one earned runs given up in eight games was insurmountable for a team that relied on small ball to eke out victories.

    Barry Bonds was the undisputed MVP of the series, launching four home runs and driving in nine runs. He walked only twice in 30 plate appearances, a stark contrast to how he was pitched to, or not pitched to, by US moundsmen. The decision to pitch to Bonds may have been a deciding factor in the series outcome. Bonds seemed to enjoy his experience and made numerous trips to Japan during his career. “It’s a great honor,” he said of his MVP award. “But we came here as a team to win and that’s the most important thing. We also wanted to make it exciting for the Japanese fans and I think we did a good job of that.”

    The Alomar brothers, Roberto and Sandy, figured prominently in the series. Sandy had the top batting average for the MLB team, outhitting his Hall of Fame brother .444 to .353. Sandy Alomar Jr. caught 1,324 games in his 20-year career, mostly for the Cleveland Indians. Alomar was the unanimous choice for American League Rookie of the Year in 1990 and was also the first rookie catcher to start an All-Star Game. Alomar, like many catchers, struggled with injuries throughout his playing career and managed only four seasons in which he reached 100 games played.

    Bobby Cox may have summed up the visit best when he stated, “(The tour) is extremely well organized, the ballparks are great, and the people are fabulous. It’s a great thing for us to see a different place, different culture. I wish we had two or three more ballgames because I’m not ready to go yet.” The Japanese play a different style of baseball than their American counterparts, and the debate will rage on as to the level of play, but the skipper’s sentiments truly captured the spirit of baseball and the goodwill of the games played between these two baseball-crazed nations.

    Read the full version of this article on the SABR website

  • The 1996 Sun Super Major Series in Japan

    The 1996 Sun Super Major Series in Japan

    by Blair Williams


    Every Monday morning we will post an article from SABR’s award-winning books Nichibei Yakyu: Volumes I and II. Each will present a different chapter in the long history of US-Japan baseball relations. This week Blair Williams focuses on the 1996 MLB – Japan All-Star Series.

    “I don’t know how else to feel,” Hideo Nomo said – almost sarcastically – to Japanese reporters following Game 2 of the 1996 Sun Super Major Series. A blue Dodgers cap adorned Nomo’s head, the intertwined letters “L” and “A” announcing the pitcher’s allegiance to the American powerhouse team. Japanese by birth and citizenship, Nomo was the first Japanese national to play in major-league baseball in 30 years. Now, he returned to Japan to face his former colleagues from Nippon Professional Baseball, the baseball league that he had voluntarily retired from to escape the decades-long labor dispute that prevented Japanese players from playing abroad.

    “The way I feel hasn’t changed at all, but I’d like to ask the people of Japan if they hate me now,” Nomo finished, his eyes looking heavy and downcast. The English interpreter for the American media stumbled over her translation, carefully phrasing for the media that would report Nomo’s words across the globe. Nomo sighed at the end of that sentence and finished in English: “Yes.” Yes, the opinion of the Japanese people about his employment with the Los Angeles Dodgers did matter to him. For the 1996 tour was not just about a baseball competition; it was a litmus test of whether the Japanese fans would support a Japanese national playing for another country.

    Whether it was the 1994 major-league baseball strike or the long-standing severance of formal relations between the US-based major leagues and NPB that made it nearly impossible for Japanese nationals to play in the majors, labor conditions colored the 1996 Sun Super Major Series between the NPB All-Stars and major-league all-stars. In 1993 NPB introduced free agency to its business for the first time. However, the new right for a player to seek his own contract applied only to seasoned veterans who had been in the league for at least 10 years. Despite the new contract leverage for players, the highest-paid player in NPB, Hiromitsu Ochiai, earned only 30 percent as much as the highest-paid major-league player at the time. In 1994 major-league players began what became the longest strike in American sports history. This strike among American players resulted in the cancellation of not only the 1994 World Series, but also of the 1994 exhibition tour between the major leagues and NPB.

    When major-league players returned to action in 1995, the salaries for the highest-paid players in each league (Barry Bonds and Cecil Fielder) grew over 25 percent in value from the pre-strike highest-paid players. As superstars received massive sums of money, the post-strike labor environment propelled the highest-paid players into even grander contracts that made them the envy of the world. Meanwhile, NPB players earned comparatively little and were ineligible to enter the major-league ecosystem because of a labor dispute that had occurred 30 years earlier over the contract of Masanori Murakami, who was the only Japanese national to play in the majors at the time. In short, a spat over one contract that happened a generation earlier had prevented any Japanese from competing for those lucrative contracts. Yet by the 1980s, the Japanese All-Stars squared off every two years in exhibition games against the MLB All-Stars, almost as if they were equals on the baseball field. Something had to change.

    In 1995 Japanese agent Don Nomura enticed Hideo Nomo – a five-year NPB veteran who was another five years away from free agency in NPB – to voluntarily retire from his NPB contract with the Kintetsu Buffaloes and enter the National League as an independent free agent. This loophole terminated the Buffaloes’ control over Nomo’s employment, and the Los Angeles Dodgers signed Nomo to a contract exceeding $2 million per year. While Nomo had been a star pitcher for four of his NPB years, after his move to the Dodgers he made nearly as much per year as NPB free-agent pioneer Hiromitsu Ochiai, a 16-time all-star who had been a player for nearly 20 years and held several league records. Nomo had discovered the path to riches, but in the process, he wondered if he had forsaken his countrymen.

    Nomo’s controversial move to the majors helps contextualize why he seemed less than thrilled taking the mound against his countrymen in the 1996 Sun Super Major Series. Whether stated overtly or subtly, there was the question of Nomo’s loyalty to Japan. Most of the MLB All-Star roster playing in the series hailed from the United States or its territory Puerto Rico; three Dominican players and one Venezuelan also graced the roster. Nomo stood out as the only player on the MLB All-Star roster who hailed from outside the Western hemisphere. Meanwhile, due to NPB’s strict geographical and racial limits for its players, Japanese nationals made up the entire NPB All-Star roster. Therefore, when Nomo pitched, he was the only person in the entire series pitching against one of his countrymen.

    “I’d like to ask Japanese people if they hate me now,” Nomo had solemnly said to that room of reporters after his appearance in Game 2 of the series. The answer from the Japanese public was a resounding, “No, we still love you.”

    The setting for Nomo’s performance was at a tenuous time for Japan. With the Cold War over, Japan was no longer needed as the bulwark of American capitalism in Asia. In 1994 Tomiichi Murayama became the first non-conservative prime minister of Japan since 1947, ending a half-century of conservative leadership. In contrast to the vigilant nationalism that propelled the Japanese economy to become the second most powerful in the world in the 1970s and 1980s, Prime Minister Murayama began a reconciliation tour with Japan’s geographical neighbors. Meanwhile, prominent conservative politician Ishihara Shintaro published a nationalist missive, The Japan That Can Say No, which began with a long lamentation over the weakness of the Japanese athlete that spoke to the greater weakness of the Japanese nation. Ishihara – who would later become a longtime governor of Tokyo and lead the charge to secure the 2020 Tokyo Olympics – wrote in 1991:

    [I] sometimes wonder if Japan is not becoming a nation of ETs, that charming visitor from outer space with an oversized head and spindly arms and legs. If that is the course of evolution, ET-like human beings will first appear in Japan. That would explain why we did so poorly at the [1988] Seoul Olympics, winning only a handful of gold medals. Maybe that miserable performance indicates that we are acquiring an unconventional, sophisticated temperament and life-style. As a nation, however, we would be better off if our Olympic athletes won a basket of medals and the younger generation did strenuous work.

    Ishihara’s lament that Japan’s reliance on the technology sector – from the Sony Walkman to Nintendo and Sega video games, from animated movies to small and efficient Toyota cars – had left its people so physically enfeebled that they resembled that helpless alien in the movie E.T., who had flown light years across space only to be made captive by some neighborhood youths equipped with flashlights, dirt bikes, and candy pieces.

    In the minds of politicians like Ishihara, international athletic events like the Sun Super Major Series stood as evidence of the persisting physical weakness among the Japanese people. Japan had lost three out of the previous four competitions. And now Hideo Nomo toed the rubber in the Tokyo Dome donning not a Kintetsu Buffaloes uniform but Dodger Blue. The American team was sponsored by – and indeed the Series itself bore the name of – the American technology firm Sun Microsystems. In 1995 Sun Microsystems released the Java programming language that paved the way for the modern internet and computational infrastructure that we all currently live in. In short, the American team represented not only physical superiority, but it also wore the vanguard of the future of technology on its caps. It was not the Sony Series, or the Nintendo Series, or the Toyota Series. It was the Sun Super Major Series. At the center of the endeavor, Nomo and his signature tornado-style windup earned wins for the American team. Fans clamored to the ballparks to see not the Japanese team, but to see the Japanese man who had left Japan. The question on Nomo’s mind was whether they came to cheer, or to jeer. As the series proceeded, the answer clearly pointed to cheering.

    The Sun Super Major Series began on November 1, 1996, in the Tokyo Dome. Although the MLB All-Stars featured an array of legendary hitters who probably need no introduction – Barry Bonds, Alex Rodriguez, Cal Ripken Jr., Gary Sheffield, Mike Piazza – the pitching lineup was rather peculiar. In the era of John Smoltz, Greg Maddux, and Roger Clemens (none of whom were on the tour) – and in a series that had such a rich narrative of intrigue with Nomo’s return to Japan, the leadoff pitcher for the US team was the remarkably unexciting AL Cy Young Award winner Pat Hentgen. Hentgen had finished third in the majors in wins in 1996 and led the league in innings pitched (265⅔), which was likely due to his low strikeout rate of six batters per nine innings. Hentgen started three of the seven games and his pitch-to-contact style meant he would rack up the most innings of any MLB starter.

    Hentgen struggled out of the gate against the Japanese All-Stars in the first game, allowing a leadoff hit to 23-year-old Ichiro Suzuki, who had just finished his third year as a full-time starter for the Orix Blue Wave. With 116 stolen bases already to his name, Ichiro showed off his speed by stealing second. Hentgen then allowed a walk before facing Hideki Matsui, who had hit 91 home runs in his four years with the Yomiuri Giants. Matsui hit a weak groundball to third base. Robin Ventura fielded the ball but fell, filling the bases on his error. The next batter, Kazuhiro Kiyohara, smashed a weak curveball down the left-field line, emptying the bases with a double. By the time Hentgen got out of the first inning – on a sliding catch in the outfield by Brady Anderson – he had given up five runs. The MLB All-Stars caught up by the fifth inning on some sloppy fielding errors by the NPB team. Then side-armer Tetsuro Kawajiri gave up a home run to deep center field that tied the game, 5-5. The Mets’ John Franco entered in relief of Pedro Martinez (who wore the uniform of the now-defunct Montreal Expos) and allowed Ichiro Suzuki to score, which gave the Japanese All-Stars a 6-5 victory in front of 43,000 fans in the Tokyo Dome.

    The game the next night was the one Japan had been waiting for. A crowd of 55,000 packed their way into the Tokyo Dome to cheer Hideo Nomo as he played in his first game on Japanese soil since retiring from his NPB contract. The first at-bat of the game was nothing more than a legendary matchup: Hideo Nomo vs. Ichiro Suzuki. So many fans took photos of Nomo – with their flashes popping away as if they were paparazzi on the red carpet – that the public-address announcer had to ask people to put their cameras away. Nomo pitched from his famous tornado windup, and Ichiro slapped a pitch right up the middle, right through Nomo’s legs, for a single. Nomo calmed down afterward, finishing three innings of scoreless pitching with three strikeouts.

    The crowd cheered Nomo after each out. Nomo responded with a tight and brief grip of his hat brim to signal his appreciation.

    The TV cameras closed in on Nomo’s face after each inning, capturing his stoic façade as he walked to the dugout. Nomo completed his outing dispassionately. After he got Ichiro out in his second at-bat, Ichiro stared back at Nomo. He wanted a reaction from Nomo, but the pitcher remained stoic until he arrived back in the MLB dugout, where he placed a windbreaker on his pitching arm and shared some laughs with his teammates. The MLB All-Stars claimed the game, 6-1. Even though Nomo was the centerpiece of the tour, he started the second game of the series instead of the first because he would then be in line to start the sixth game, which would take place in Nishinomiya, a city neighboring Nomo’s hometown of Osaka before a crowd in the legendary Koshien Stadium.

    After the second game, the next few games of the tournament branched out to highlight the diversity of Japanese baseball. In the third game the US team’s opposition was the NPB’s Central League All-Stars, featuring players from the Yomiuri Giants and other Tokyo-based NPB teams. The MLB All-Stars won, 4-2. There were three solo home runs, by Cal Ripken Jr. and Steve Finley for the US team and Matsui for the Japanese. Shigeki Noguchi took the loss for NPB while Jeff Brantley claimed the win for MLB.

    The fourth game was played at the home stadium of the Seibu Lions, just outside Tokyo on the Seibu Railway Lines. In front of a much smaller crowd, 33,000, the MLB All-Stars claimed a 2-1 victory over the full NPB All-Star team that would finish out the rest of the series. As Pat Hentgen was wont to do, he pitched most of the game efficiently, allowing only one NPB run before giving way to José Mesa for the save.

    For the fifth game, the teams moved to Fukuoka, on the island of Kyushu on the far western end of Japan. The MLB All-Stars jumped out to a 4-1 lead thanks in part to a solo home run by Barry Bonds. But Pedro Martinez couldn’t hold a lead. The 25-year-old Martinez – who went on to be considered by many to be the greatest pitcher of his generation if not arguably all-time – loaded the bases in the fifth inning. Jeff Brantley came in relief and allowed a bases-clearing triple to NPB All-Star Kazuyoshi Tatsunami. Martinez allowed five runs in 4⅔ innings. Steve Finley saved Martinez from the loss column with a two-run single in the sixth. As MLB carried a lead into the eighth inning, reliever Troy Percival fielded a bunt poorly and overthrew first base, allowing Yutaka Wada to score and tie the game. This game ended in a 6-6 tie because the teams did not play extra innings during the series. MLB All-Stars manager Dusty Baker remarked that it was the first tie he had been a part of in his major-league career.

    For the finale, the MLB team took its 3-1-1 lead into Koshien Stadium in Nishinomiya, a city near the metropolises of Kobe and Osaka and about 300 miles southwest of Tokyo. There is perhaps no more revered sports ground in Japan than Koshien, the home of the annual high-school baseball tournament. The tournament was once the biggest sporting event in the world. Since the 1920s, organizers invited thousands of boys from across the Japanese Empire to compete on its dirt-only infield for the honor of being called the best baseball team in Asia. Although the annual high-school baseball tournament still is a significant cultural event for Japan, there is no longer the sense of militaristic nationalism that once colored it. Koshien now stands as the oldest active stadium – of any sport – in Japan, and it was a homecoming for Nomo to pitch on its field.

    Koshien Stadium had been a common stopping point for so many other international tours, and it’s important to emphasize that it is a field designed for pre-modern high-school players. The infield is entirely dirt, and it always has been that way. There is no grass or turf to slow down or impede a groundball. The pitcher’s mound is lower than a regulation mound. Players warm up nearly within arm’s reach of the bleachers. Homemade videotape footage of Nomo’s performance in 1996 at Koshien exists, and the camera operator was right next to Nomo’s warm-up spot. We can clearly see Nomo on the paltry Koshien mound, and it seems that nerves troubled him this time. Nomo gave up four runs on four hits over four innings, but the MLB All-Stars rallied to win, 11-8. By the end of the game, 26 hits had littered the high-school baseball field, with Andrés Galarraga and Gary Sheffield crushing home runs.

    In a postgame interview, Nomo said that he wasn’t worried about his poor performance; he merely wanted to perform before his home crowd to give them “a taste of Major League Baseball.” Of course, the crowd had seen major-league baseball before, even at this field, where Nomo had been part of the 1992 Japanese team that played the touring MLB All-Stars. But this time, Nomo was part of the major leagues, and likely what he wanted to show his home crowd was the possibility that Japanese people could join major-league baseball – the league that had prevented their entry for so long.

    The series finished out quietly on the Japanese east coast with games in Yokohama and Tokyo. In Yokohama, a small crowd of 27,000 was rewarded with a 6-4 NPB All-Stars win. Hideki Matsui crushed a grand slam off MLB starter Shane Reynolds in the second inning, putting the NPB team up 6-0. Reynolds calmed down, however, and he was needed to eat up innings after MLB had used seven pitchers in the previous two games. Reynolds went the distance and nearly claimed a win when his teammates scored four runs in the seventh inning before NPB relievers shut down the MLB offense and saved the second win for the Japanese.

    The final game, at the Tokyo Dome on November 11, drew another full house of fans. A total of 13 pitchers took to the mound as offenses unloaded for an 8-8 tie. Mike Piazza, who was popular with the Japanese fans because he was Nomo’s catcher on the Dodgers, thrilled the crowd with the only home run of the game. The MLB All-Stars won the series, four victories to two, with two ties, and Steve Finley of the San Diego Padres (8-for-20, 9 RBIs) was named the Most Valuable Player.

    The 1996 tour hinted at the future of Japanese players in US major-league baseball. Even as Hideo Nomo pitched for the MLB All-Stars, another Japanese pitcher, Hideki Irabu, was negotiating to enter the majors. Irabu’s entry into the American League in 1997 resulted in the creation of the posting system, which would later bring players like Ichiro Suzuki and Hideki Matsui to the United States. Both had faced off against Nomo in the 1996 Sun Super Major Series. As Nomo kept telling the media, he wanted to show off his performance as a major leaguer. Nomo showed the way for others to join the major leagues and sign increasingly lucrative contracts and play in a different – and often more global – competitive atmosphere than existed in Japan. In short, Nomo’s role on the tour was not only to demonstrate that Japanese nationals could effectively play baseball at the major-league level, but to demonstrate that their fellow Japanese fans would support this new era of Japanese players appearing abroad.

    The 1996 Sun Super Major Series was won not just by the MLB All-Stars, but by Hideo Nomo. He wondered out loud if Japanese fans and players liked him anymore. And Japanese fans and players answered almost in unison: Hai. Yes, the Japanese were thrilled that Nomo had basically integratedmajor-league baseball for Japanese players. Nomo’s success in the United States and his pathbreaking move to leave Japan – even at a time when the nation and state felt most vulnerable – opened new avenues of business and culture creation that benefited later players like Ichiro and Matsui. Although the 1996 Sun Super Major Series lasted a little over a week, the implications of the event could be seen for years to come.

    Read the full version of this article on the SABR website

  • Tommy Lasorda: Baseball’s Global Ambassador and the Los Angeles Dodgers’ 1993 Friendship Tour of Japan

    Tommy Lasorda: Baseball’s Global Ambassador and the Los Angeles Dodgers’ 1993 Friendship Tour of Japan

    by Mark Langill

    Every Monday morning we will post an article from SABR’s award-winning books Nichibei Yakyu: Volumes I and II. Each will present a different chapter in the long history of US-Japan baseball relations. This week Mark Langill highlights the Dodgers 1993 trip to Japan .

    What felt like a nostalgia trip unexpectedly served as a dress rehearsal for the next frontier of professional baseball when the 1993 Los Angeles Dodgers staged a modest five-game “Friendship Series” in Taiwan and Japan.

    Nobody could’ve predicted a “Tornado” on the horizon, one of the nicknames bestowed upon Kintetsu Buffaloes pitcher Hideo Nomo, who in 1993 was a four-time All-Star and former Pacific League MVP. His contract issues with Kintetsu led to his retirement from Japanese baseball after the 1994 season, an exit strategy discovered by agent Don Nomura when analyzing the sport’s seemingly ironclad working agreements covering the United States and Japan. Nomo became only the second player from a Japanese professional league – and the first in 30 years – to play in the majors during his National League Rookie of the Year campaign with the Dodgers in 1995.

    “There was no business reason for the 1993 Japan trip, other than growing baseball at the international level,” said Fred Claire, a 30-year Dodger executive who was the team’s general manager from 1987 to 1998. “[Brooklyn Dodgers team President] Walter O’Malley’s global vision of the game was continued by his son, Peter. But when you go back in time, the thought of a player from Japan playing in the majors seemed like an impossible reach. There were no major-league teams scouting in Japan. There was no reason to use those scouting resources because there were players from Latin America, Mexico, and other parts of the world.”

    Manager Tommy Lasorda’s Dodgers became the first major-league team to play in Taiwan, posting a 1-2 record in Taipei against all-stars from the Chinese Professional League. Los Angeles then traveled to Fukuoka, Japan, for a pair of games against a combination of the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks of the Pacific League and the Yomiuri Giants of the Central League.

    Nomo wasn’t part of the exhibition at the newly opened Fukuoka Dome in 1993. Claire didn’t stick around for the Japan portion of the trip, flying from Taiwan to Los Angeles and continuing to Naples, Florida, for a meeting of major-league general managers.

    Instead of a stealth scouting mission, the 1993 trip represented another chance for Peter O’Malley to promote international baseball. He was 18 years old in 1956 when the Brooklyn Dodgers spent nearly five weeks in Japan after the World Series. His roommate was broadcaster Vin Scully, who reported on the 19-game exhibition for Sport magazine.

    During their ownership of the franchise between 1950 and 1998, the O’Malley family used Dodgertown, the spring-training facility in Vero Beach, Florida, along with Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles after its 1962 opening, to host international events.

    After selling the Dodgers to Fox Group in 1998, O’Malley kept his ties to the Vero Beach area, at one point operating a lease at “Historic Dodgertown” in a partnership with his sister Terry Seidler, Nomo, and former Dodgers pitcher Chan Ho Park, who in 1994 became the first player from Korea to appear in the majors. The Vero Beach complex was taken over by Major League Baseball in 2019 and renamed after Dodgers Hall of Famer Jackie Robinson.

    The O’Malleys and Lasorda were also close to Rod Dedeaux, the University of Southern California baseball coach who won 11 NCAA titles during his 45-year tenure. Dedeaux played two games at shortstop for the 1935 Dodgers and was a longtime champion of international baseball. He coached Team USA in a baseball exhibition during the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo and in the 1984 Olympics baseball tournament at Dodger Stadium. (Japan defeated Team USA in the Gold Medal game.)

    In a 1991 interview with the Mainichi Daily News, Peter O’Malley outlined his hopes for a true global baseball series. Dodger Stadium played host to the 1991 International Baseball Association World All-Star Game with top amateur players representing 28 countries.

    I’m an advocate of such competition. And I think my colleagues in the majors are quickly becoming receptive to such an idea, too. I don’t think major-league baseball feels threatened at all. On the contrary, I get the feeling baseball’s leaders think the timing is just about right. Logistics – travel, etc. – are no longer a problem. Baseball is extremely popular and profitable outside the U.S. in many countries like Japan and Korea. The competitiveness is there. I think they feel now’s the time to capitalize on it and move on it.

    It will be the best two teams going at it in a seven-game World Series. Say, the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Chunichi Dragons. But the international playoff would involve more than just the U.S. and Japan. After all, there are some strong Latin American leagues and the Korean pro league is coming on fast. It’s only been in existence for 10 years and look at how many competitive players there are. And pro ball is catching on in Taiwan. Plus, who knows where else the sport might also grow rapidly. The possibilities are endless and exciting.

    As publicity director of the Dodgers in the early 1970s, Claire accompanied Dodgers Alan Foster and Von Joshua along with a dozen other major-league players on a trip to Japan sponsored by the Nichiren-Shoshu Buddhist sect. As vice president of marketing in 1980, Claire, along with O’Malley, traveled to Japan to negotiate with Mitsubishi officials as the Dodgers became the first team with a color video scoreboard, debuting “Diamond Vision” at the 1980 All-Star Game.

    Lasorda, who died in 2021 at 93, spent 71 years in the Dodgers organization. The former left-handed pitcher, bumped from Brooklyn’s 1955 roster to make room for rookie Sandy Koufax, first arrived in Japan in the spring of 1965 for a series of clinics with fellow scout Kenny Myers. Lasorda had also worked with members of the Tokyo Giants during the first of their five trips to Vero Beach between 1961 and 1980.

    Lasorda’s 1965 arrival at the airport in Tokyo was fitting for a man still a decade away from international celebrity. Nobody met Lasorda and Myers at the airport because the baseball officials had the wrong date. The scouts went to the Hilton Hotel and rested after their nine-hour flight.

    During their three-week trip, Lasorda and Myers toured various landmarks and baseball facilities, including the Imperial Palace and the Olympic Village. Working with the Yomiuri Giants prior to their spring training, Lasorda gave tips to the pitchers. Myers, who converted Los Angeles prep track star Willie Davis into a left-handed-hitting center fielder, worked with Yomiuri hitters.

    In his diary, Lasorda made notes on everything from his dinner reviews – “the most tender steak I ever ate” – to the training methods and facilities of his Japanese hosts. The lineup for manager Tetsuhara Kawakami’s 1965 Giants included outfielder Sadaharu Oh, third baseman Shigeo Nagashima, and lefty pitcher Masaichi Kaneda. All four Giants later had their uniforms retired, the same honor eventually bestowed to Lasorda by the Dodgers.

    Our second day of training was just about the same as our last. The Japanese coaches believe in a lot of calisthenics and they spent about 2 hrs. a day on it. We work out from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. with no breaks in between. We had a meeting of the manager and the coaches. They asked our opinion of the day’s work and we gave it to them – they must concentrate more on the fundamentals. These people are anxious to learn – they want to surpass the Americans in baseball.

    The pitchers here in Japan have no idea how to throw a curveball and no conception of throwing a changeup. I will have to concentrate on these two factors very much. The stars of the team, Nagashima, 3B, ‘O’, 1B and Kaneda, P – are really nice guys and they have accepted us. I have pitchers hollering around camp and Mgr. said he never heard so much life.

    Spring training in 1965 became significant for both Lasorda and US-Japan baseball relations. Because the major leagues were implementing an amateur draft in June, Lasorda as a scout could no longer use his charm and negotiation tactics to sign top prospects, as he did the previous summer with Los Angeles prep star outfielder Willie Crawford. Lasorda drove Crawford to his high-school prom and delivered a stirring eulogy at the funeral of Crawford’s grandfather, a man whom Lasorda had never met.

    At the time of the Lasorda-Myers trip, the status of Japanese pitcher Masanori Murakami remained in limbo after the San Francisco Giants had promoted the lefty from Class A Fresno in September 1964. The Nankai Hawks had sent the 20-year-old Murakami to the United States for minor-league experience in the summer, but his success at Fresno led the Giants to promote him to the majors. San Francisco wanted to keep Murakami, who signed a major-league contract, and the Hawks demanded the return of their prospect. A compromise was finally reached: Murakami would spend one more season in San Francisco and return to Japan in 1966.

    After Lasorda’s 1965 Japan trip, which concluded with side trips to Bangkok, New Delhi, Iran, and Tel Aviv, it was back to Dodger Stadium for his next assignment. Scouting director Al Campanis decided Lasorda should become a minor-league manager. His first team produced a 33-33 record at Pocatello, Idaho, of the rookie-level Pioneer League. Lasorda worked his way up the ladder in the Dodger farm system and eventually replaced Walter Alston as Dodgers manager in September 1976.

    Life in Southern California would never be the same as Lasorda hugged his players – a stark contrast to Alston’s “Quiet Man” persona – and claimed to “bleed Dodger blue.” Frank Sinatra sang the National Anthem for Lasorda’s first Opening Day in 1977. With a big lead in September, Lasorda sent comedian Don Rickles – wearing a Dodgers uniform and number 40 – to the mound to visit with a suddenly confused reliever, Elias Sosa.

    After becoming the first National League skipper to win pennants in his first two years since Gabby Street of the 1930-31 Cardinals, Lasorda was invited to manage a team of National League all-stars against a team of American League stars on a postseason trip to Japan in 1979. In true Lasorda fashion, he motivated his team by privately telling each individual that the Most Valuable Player of the series was going to receive a new automobile. When Cincinnati’s George Foster won MVP honors, he received a bouquet of flowers and a shoulder shrug from his manager. “That’s what I heard,” Lasorda claimed with a straight face.

    Lasorda, though, was disappointed with American League manager Earl Weaver of the Baltimore Orioles. During a controversial play, Weaver argued with umpires and used language the otherwise feisty Lasorda didn’t think appropriate in a goodwill exhibition setting.

    The 1993 trip to Japan was extra-special because Dodgers All-Star catcher Mike Piazza happened to be Lasorda’s godson; his father, Vince Piazza, was a longtime friend from Tommy’s hometown of Norristown, Pennsylvania. A 62nd-round draft choice in 1988, Piazza rewrote the Los Angeles rookie record book in 1993 with 35 home runs, 112 RBIs, and a .318 batting average.

    Piazza played a key role in returning the Dodgers to a respectable 81-81 record in 1993 after a 99-loss disaster in 1992 in which the team finished in last place for the first time since 1905. The Dodgers enjoyed knocking the 103-win San Francisco Giants out of the pre-wild-card format postseason with a 12-1 victory on the final day of the regular season as Piazza clubbed two home runs.

    Piazza and former World Series pitching star Orel Hershiser were the Dodgers marquee names on the tour. Two other rookies became future stars – pitcher Pedro Martinez, traded by the Dodgers to Montreal weeks after the Japan tour, and Yomiuri Giants outfielder Hideki Matsui.

    In addition to baseball, the Dodgers took a tour of Dazaifu, an ancient Japanese regional center, and the Dazaifu Tenmangu Shrine. Lasorda and several Dodger players visited a children’s hospital and passed out Dodger souvenirs and commemorative pins.

    Lasorda provided the photo-op of the tour during batting practice on November 2 by throwing his arms around American sumo star Chad Rowan, who wrestled in Japan under the name Akebono Taro. Earlier in 1993, the 360-pound Rowan made history by becoming the first non-Japanese wrestler to reach Yokozuna status, the highest rank in sumo. Rowan, in town for a wrestling tournament, threw out the ceremonial first pitch.

    “The Fukuoka Dome was out of this world,” said first baseman Eric Karros, the 1992 NL Rookie of the Year. “We took a tour before the first game and saw the large training facility and practice areas. There were large mirrors where the Fukuoka players practiced their swings.

    The Dodgers wore a small black patch with “IKE” in white letters on their uniforms in memory of Akihiro “Ike” Ikuhara, the longtime assistant to Peter O’Malley, who died in October 1992.

    Ikuhara joined the Dodgers organization in the spring of 1965 after asking Japanese sportswriter Sotaro Suzuki for an introduction to O’Malley in order to study American baseball. He joined the Dodgers’ Spokane team in the Triple-A Pacific Coast League, where O’Malley was general manager. Ikuhara moved to the Dodgers in 1967. He supervised visits to the United States by the Yomiuri Giants in 1967, 1971, 1975, and 1981, along with the visits of the Samsung Lions of South Korea in 1985 and the Chunichi Dragons of Nagoya, Japan, in 1988. Ikuhara teamed with Nagashima in broadcasting the World Series back to Japan from 1981 to 1986. He was named to the Japan Baseball Hall of Fame in 2002.

    In the series opener, the Dodgers staked Hershiser to a 3-0 lead in the first inning against pitcher Kenichi Wakatabe of the Hawks. Brett Butler reached first on an error. Jose Offerman and Piazza hit consecutive RBI doubles and Tim Wallach drove home Piazza. The Japanese scored twice in the sixth on three hits, including a double over the head of Darryl Strawberry in right field. Chihiro Hamana’s RBI single in the seventh tied the game.

    In the bottom of the 11th inning, number-9 hitter Hiroshi Yugamidani greeted reliever Jim Gott with a line drive to center. Butler tried a shoestring catch, but the ball went past him. A relay throw from shortstop Offerman to backup catcher Jerry Brooks made the play at home plate close, but Yugamidani was ruled safe and gave Japan a 4-3 victory. Yugamidani batted .203 with one home run during the regular season.

    Although many Dodgers thought the runner was out at home, Lasorda didn’t protest the call. In the clubhouse, Hershiser took the umpire’s decision in stride because it was an exhibition. Someone asked Lasorda what would have happened if that call was made during a regular-season game. He simply smiled.

    In the second game, on November 3, Dodgers pitching yearned for the airport shuttle while struggling in a 16-1 loss. Were it a spring-training game, the umpires might have offered the teams an early exit. Instead, the capacity crowd of 42,000 watched the combined Fukuoka-Yomiuri squad score nine runs in the fifth inning on four hits and five walks. Overall, the Dodgers pitchers allowed 15 walks and three wild pitches. A leadoff double in the fifth inning by Chihiro Hamana off starter Ramon Martinez triggered the landslide. Relievers Felix Rodriguez and Jonathan Hurst followed Martinez to the mound as five of the fifth-inning walks were with the bases loaded. The Japanese added five runs in the eighth off reliever Jim Gott.

    Hurst, who pitched for the Dodgers’ Triple-A Albuquerque affiliate in 1993 after being claimed on waivers from the Montreal Expos, had been a late addition to the Asia tour roster for bullpen insurance. With veteran Dodgers pitchers Kevin Gross, Tom Candiotti, and Todd Worrell not making the trip, the Dodgers also brought along Rodriguez, who in 1993 converted from catcher to pitcher at Class-A affiliate Vero Beach.

    The Dodgers left Asia with a dismal 1-4 record. “I’m disappointed. I’d be lying if I said anything else,” said Lasorda. “When you go a month and then you just throw batting practice, [and] you don’t play in game situations, then it makes a difference.” But “We made these people happy anyway. We made the folks in Taiwan happy and we made the people of Japan happy.” “It’s all in fun anyway,” added Darryl Strawberry.

    Lasorda remained the Dodgers manager until the summer of 1996, when a mild heart attack in June led to his retirement. His last full season in the Los Angeles dugout coincided with Nomo’s 1995 arrival – via a minor-league contract because a strike by the Players Association had led to the cancellation of the 1994 World Series and had frozen 40-man rosters during the winter. Nomo attended spring training with Dodgers minor leaguers and was promoted after the strike ended.

    Lasorda’s trademark as a manager was providing postgame food in his office, a way to keep communication lines open with his players. Lasorda, who often served Japanese cuisine in Nomo’s honor, recalled his 1965 Japan trip in which Kaneda cooked a four-course dinner for a visiting Dodgers scout.

    “Just when baseball had its problems, here comes this young man from Japan with a unique delivery and great ability,” Lasorda said in 1995 as Nomo started the All-Star Game in Texas. “All of a sudden, he’s got the world chasing him and wanting to see him pitch.” Among those watching was Murakami, who became a baseball commentator for NHK after an 18-year pitching career in Japan. Murakami worked many of Nomo’s games at Dodger Stadium and on the road.

    Lasorda was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1997. He came out of retirement at age 72 to coach Team USA in the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, Australia. With O’Malley and Dedeaux in attendance, Lasorda’s team – a collection of minor-league players and veteran major-league catcher Pat Borders – stunned Cuba, 4-0, in the Gold Medal game.

    In 2006 Commissioner Bud Selig named Lasorda baseball’s official ambassador for the inaugural World Baseball Classic and did so again in 2009 when the Classic was played at Dodger Stadium. In 2008 Lasorda was honored with the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette, by the Emperor of Japan for his contributions to Japanese baseball. He made countless trips to Japan, serving as a key liaison between the Dodgers and the Orix Buffaloes in their “friendship” agreement.

    “It’s amazing to watch Tommy Lasorda go through an airport in Japan,” said Acey Kohrogi, the Dodgers’ director of Asian operations from 1995 to 2013. “Everyone else gets their identification and passport ready to go through security. Tommy just keeps on walking, smiling and waving.”

    Overall, Lasorda visited 28 countries in his lifetime, including Colombia, Denmark, Monaco, Norway, Bermuda, Egypt, Iraq, Turkey, and Afghanistan. He continued to travel during the next two decades, attending his final game at the 2020 World Series in Arlington, Texas, when Los Angeles defeated Tampa Bay at Globe Life Field, a neutral site necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic.

    “I don’t know if there was a better ambassador to the game than Tommy,” Fred Claire said. “Not because he was a Dodger, but because who he was. The primary reason was his absolute love of the game. It didn’t matter what country Tommy was in. In his own way, Tommy spoke every language. Obviously, he was always good with Spanish. But Tommy had that way of breaking through all barriers to teach, to promote, and talk about the game.”

  • The First Baseball Game & Home Run at Meiji Jingu Stadium, October 23, 1926

    The First Baseball Game & Home Run at Meiji Jingu Stadium, October 23, 1926

    by Bill Staples Jr.

    As Meiji Jingu Stadium approaches its centennial under the shadow of demolition, a surprising piece of history is potentially rewriting the ballpark’s record books, and sparking a fascinating debate for baseball purists.

    For decades, historians credited either Keio University’s Saburo Miyatake or Negro Leagues legend Biz Mackey with hitting the first home run at the historic Tokyo stadium in April 1927. But SABR member Bill Staples, Jr., seeking to learn more about the first game played at Jingu, stumbled upon a forgotten milestone from opening weekend in October 1926.

    During the stadium’s inaugural game on October 23, 1926, Meiji University center fielder Fukashi Kumagai launched a towering fly ball into the left-field bleachers for a home run. The catch? The ball technically bounced into the stands. Under 1926 rules, hits like that were celebrated and recorded as a round-tripper everywhere baseball was played. By modern standards, however, it would be a ground-rule double.

    So, who deserves the crown? Does Kumagai’s opening-day blast count as the stadium’s true first home run, or does the honor belong to the traditional over-the-fence power hitters of 1927?

    Head over to Staples’ blog, International Pastime, to explore the evidence, dive into the era’s unique rule modifications and decide for yourself where history stands.

    Click to read the full article

  • 1956 NY Yankees Tour of Japan Footage

    1956 NY Yankees Tour of Japan Footage

    Here some great colorized footage from the Yankees tour. Note the cheerleaders on top of the dugouts–the forerunners to oendan.

    https://youtu.be/YyhVD6bNdG0?si=D4Sd3RoG1uNXAfoU

  • Japan’s Favorite Players: No. 1, Ichiro Suzuki

    Japan’s Favorite Players: No. 1, Ichiro Suzuki

    by Thomas Love Seagull

    A recent poll for a TV special saw more than 50,000 people in Japan vote for their favorite retired baseball players. 20 players emerged from a pool of 9,000. Yes, they could only vote for players who are no longer active, so you won’t see Shohei Ohtani or other current stars on this list. Which is probably smart because I’m sure Ohtani would win by default. There are, however, players who were beloved but not necessarily brilliant, and foreign stars who found success after coming to NPB. Unsurprisingly, the list leans heavily towards the past 30 years, with a few legends thrown in for good measure.

    Over the next few weeks, I’ll be profiling each of these players. Some of these players I know only a little about, so this will be as much a journey for me as, hopefully, it will be for you. It’ll be a mix of history, stats, and whatever interesting stories I can dig up.

    For now, have a look at the list below and see how the public ranked them. I’ve included the years they played in NPB in parentheses.

    20. Alex Ramirez (2001-2013); 19. Yoshinobu Takahashi (1998-2015); 18. Warren Cromartie (1984-1990), 17. Takashi Toritani (2004-2021); 16. Suguru Egawa (1979-1987); 15. Katsuya Nomura (1954-1980); 14. Tatsunori Hara (1981-1995); 13. Kazuhiro Kiyohara (1985-2008); 12. Masayuki Kakefu (1974-1988); 11. Masumi Kuwata (1986-2006); 10. Atsuya Furuta (1990-2007); 9. Randy Bass (1983-1988); 8. Daisuke Matsuzaka (1999-2006, 2015-2016, 2018-2019, 2021); 7. Tsuyoshi Shinjo (1991-2000, 2004-2006); 6. Hiromitsu Ochiai (1979-1998); 5. Hideo Nomo (1990-1994); 4. Hideki Matsui (1993-2002); 3. Shigeo Nagashima (1958-1974); 2. Sadaharu Oh (1958-1980); 1. Ichiro Suzuki (1992-2000).

    The greatest hit-maker in the history of professional baseball started as a fourth-round draft pick

    Let’s start with the father. Nobuyuki bought his son a glove and played catch with him when the boy was three years old. From then on, he began teaching him baseball every day. The boy’s name was Ichiro.

    Nobuyuki built something like a baseball cathedral out of their ordinary life. One of his first decisions: teach the boy to bat left-handed. Not because the boy was naturally left-handed (he wasn’t) but because left-handed hitters reach first base faster. That was the reasoning. Practical, precise, and long-term. The father of Ichiro Suzuki was already thinking about the extra step.

    By the time the boy, then just Ichiro Suzuki, was in third grade, they were going to the local batting cages six days a week, sometimes seven. The machines weren’t fast enough for him. So they ordered a special spring for the pitching machine. A spring made just for this boy. The staff would swap it in when he arrived.

    Nobuyuki would later say that those years were fun for both of them. Ichiro’s recollection was just a little different. “It might have been fun for him,” he said. “But for me, it bordered on hazing and I suffered a lot. But I couldn’t say no to him. He was doing his utmost to help me.” Gratitude and pain were inseparable from the beginning.

    He grew up with the understanding that the game was not a hobby but a calling. When he was twelve years old, he wrote an essay about his future. “My dream when I grow up is to be a first-class professional baseball player. I have the confidence to do the necessary practice to reach that goal. I only had five or six hours per year to play with my friends. That’s how much I practiced. So I think I can become a pro.”

    Not a wish. Not a hope. A statement of fact, written by a child who had already done the math.

    His high school batting average in local tournament play exceeded .700. His coach called him an alien. More specifically, he called him the most famous alien: E.T. He meant it as the highest compliment.

    Once he turned professional, it really did seem like he came from another planet.

    When Ichiro arrived in the major leagues in 2001, he was twenty-seven years old and he had already won seven batting titles in Japan, a record that ties the great Isao Harimoto, NPB’s hit king, and has never been surpassed. Oh, and he did it seven years in a row. He had already had 210 hits in a season, breaking a record that had stood for 44 years. He had already been named MVP three consecutive years. He had already, with the Orix BlueWave, helped a broken city heal.

    In January of 1995, the Great Hanshin Earthquake struck the Hanshin region and the city of Kobe. The city that had become Ichiro’s adopted home, the city he would later say made him who he was, the city that was his second hometown, was devastated. The BlueWave played that year under the rallying cry Ganbarou Kobe—Stay Strong, Kobe. Ichiro won the batting title, the RBI crown, the stolen base title, the on-base percentage title, and the hits title that season. All five offensive crowns. Part of what drove it was the sting of 1994: the team had failed to win the pennant, and he had arrived after the off-season determined to do more. That year he hit 25 home runs. The league leader hit 28. Three home runs separated Ichiro from six batting crowns in a single season, a feat that has never been accomplished in Japanese baseball history. He was the symbol of a city’s refusal to stay down.

    “I cannot explain who I am as a player,” he said later, “without Kobe.”

    The BlueWave won their first pennant and that autumn, the team played the Yakult Swallows in the Japan Series. They lost four games to one. Ichiro went 5-for-19 against Yakult’s relentless pitching. He said it was tough in a way that the regular season never was.

    In 1996, he put it right. In August, he hit an otherworldly .475 for the month with a record 48 hits. The team trailed by four games in late July and ended August in first place, and it was Ichiro’s bat that had done most of the hauling. The pennant came down to the final days of September in Kobe. On the night of the clincher, Orix trailed late, then tied it, then pushed into extra innings. In the tenth, with a runner on first, Ichiro came up against a pitch that was clearly outside, high and away, and nowhere near the zone. He swung anyway. The ball found the left field line, the runner scored, the game ended. “The greatest joy of my 22 years on earth,” he said. “Beyond anything I’d ever felt before.”

    A reporter asked about failing to win the Japan Series the year before. Ichiro stopped and corrected himself. He had not, he said, failed to win—he had not won. In Japanese, the distinction is between something beyond your control and something that was in your hands. He placed it entirely in his own hands.

    The BlueWave went on to win the Japan Series, beating the Giants in five games. When the final out was recorded, Ichiro did not immediately run to join the celebration on the mound. He turned instead toward the right field stands and raised both arms toward the crowd. 

    “It feels incredibly good,” Ichiro said afterward, expressing his joy in his characteristic style. “Like a top-tier feeling.”*

    *He actually used the term 特A or Special A, the highest rating for rice quality.

    There was also this, from the 1996 All-Star Game at the Tokyo Dome, home of the Yomiuri Giants. The Pacific League led 7-3 in the ninth inning, two outs, and the game nearly over. Hideki Matsui, Yomiuri’s and the Central League’s young star, stepped toward the plate. And then Akira Ohgi walked out of the dugout and made a pitching change. The pitcher he called in from right field, trotting toward the mound to a roar from the crowd, was Ichiro. Katsuya Nomura, managing on the other side, was furious. He walked slowly out of his dugout, pulled Matsui back, and sent up his closer, Shingo Takatsu, in protest. The crowd booed. Takatsu grounded out to short. Game over. Afterward, Nomura called the move an affront to the dignity of the All-Star Game. Ohgi said he wanted fans to see what Ichiro could do on the mound. Ichiro, asked how he felt about the whole thing, said: “I’m not a pitcher by profession. I feel various things, both good and bad.”

    It was either, depending on your point of view, a wonderful piece of entertainment or a desecration of serious competition.

    That winter, in the Japan All-Star series against major league players, Ichiro appeared in one game, got two hits off major leaguers including Hideo Nomo, stole a base that Ivan Rodriguez (the best-throwing catcher in the league) could not prevent, and then missed several games after a chair collapsed beneath him in the dugout and a spray can pierced his backside. Really.

    He returned for the final game. Batting third, he went 3-for-4, hitting the ball to three different parts of the field. Cal Ripken watched and said the Japanese players had developed freer, more individual swings than they’d had a decade earlier. “You could see that clearly watching Ichiro.”

    What Ichiro saw while watching the major leaguers was different. He said later that 1996 was when he first seriously started thinking about America. “They had a lightness,” he said. “Like children enjoying themselves. Everyone around them had that atmosphere. I wanted to be part of that.”

    By 1997, the standard to which he was held had become so extraordinary that failure itself was news. On June 25 that year, in the fourth inning of a game against the Nippon-Ham Fighters at Tokyo Dome, a left-handed pitcher named Tsuyoshi Shimoyanagi struck him out. It was his first strikeout in 216 consecutive plate appearances, a Japanese record he had just set the day before and extended by seven more before it ended. The following morning, all major sports newspapers ran the same front-page headline: Ichiro Finally Strikes Out.

    Shimoyanagi, for his part, earned the nickname “Ichiro Killer.”

    That August, his batting average dipped to .296 for the month. This was treated as a crisis. A slump. He was asked about it repeatedly. Finally he said: “Give me a break. I’m not playing for numbers. It’s not like I should just rack up hits in meaningless situations to pad my average.” The man who would later say he valued hits over batting average was making a subtler point that even the hits had to mean something. That accumulation without purpose was just static on television.

    He finished the season hitting .345, his fourth consecutive batting title. The next season, in 1998, he hit .358 to capture his fifth batting title in a row.

    The most unbelievable part? He played in every single game over those five seasons.

    But before all of that, before the five batting crowns in 1995, before the three consecutive MVPs, before all the record-breaking seasons, there was the question of what to call him. In the fall of 1993, working with coach Kenichiro Kawamura, he had built a new swing. The pendulum swing, they called it—the right leg lifting and swaying gently before the stride, unhurried, rhythmic, unlike anything anyone in Japanese baseball had taught or seen.

    The previous coaching staff had spent two years trying to get him to abandon it. The new manager, Akira Ohgi, took one look and decided the only correct response was to build a lineup around it.

    Ohgi also decided the young man needed a new name. The idea had originated with his hitting coach, Hiromasa Arai: change the registered name from Ichiro Suzuki to simply Ichiro. No family name, just the given name, standing alone, because there were too many Suzukis in the league as it was. At the same time, a teammate named Kazuhiro Satoh was being given the nickname Punch. Ichiro, when first told about his own new name, assumed it was a joke. Then on March 26, in a spring training game against Chunichi, he hit a grand slam. Ohgi leaned over with a grin: “Well, I guess we really have to do it now.” Ichiro understood then that it was serious. “When I first heard it,” he said, “I thought, oh no. It’s fine now, but being called Ichiro past 30 would be embarrassing.”

    He’s in his 50s now and is still called Ichiro*.

    *Punch is still known as such but sadly the nickname didn’t quite have the same impact on his playing ability. He retired after that season at the age of 30.

    Ohgi was right to push for the change. In that 1994 season, Ichiro hit .385 and won the batting title. He became the first player in the history of Japanese professional baseball to collect 200 hits in a single season. By midsummer, opposing managers were so desperate they tried shifting the entire infield to the right side against him and Ichiro responded by bouncing a single over the pitcher’s head. He was named the league’s Most Valuable Player, the youngest position player ever to win that award in NPB history. He was twenty years and eleven months old. The legend had a name now, and the name fit. He said later that a letter addressed simply to “Ichiro, Japan” would reach him. That was how famous he had become.

    Many years later, at his retirement press conference, he said something about that season that surprised people. His first two years, the years of going up and down between the first and second teams, never quite sticking at the top, had been fun. “But from 1994, when Manager Ohgi made me a regular, that’s where the fun ended,” he said. “Being suddenly elevated beyond your actual ability is painful.”

    The greatest hitter of his generation, describing the moment his greatness was recognized, called it the end of joy. But what may have been painful for Ichiro was a great joy to anyone who saw him play.

    Before that final season, there was 1999. Ichiro had been playing in consecutive games since Opening Day in 1994: 763 straight, the longest streak of his career, the first unbroken run of his career. On August 24, in the 103rd game of the season, a pitch from a Shimoyanagi struck him on the wrist. He left the game. He missed the next day. It was the first time since he had become Ichiro that his name had simply vanished from the scoreboard for a full game. He never returned that season. At 21 home runs, he had been on pace for a career-high (he hit 25 in ‘95). That, too, disappeared with the wrist.

    In 2000, his last year with Orix before crossing the Pacific, Ichiro batted fourth in the lineup and hit everything in sight. On June 10, his average climbed to exactly .400. Ohgi, whose team had been badly beaten that day, could not help himself. “Honestly,” he said with a grin, “watching that was the only thing I was enjoying out there.” Ichiro, asked how he felt about it, said: “My feeling? Normal.”

    An alien.

    He kept it at .400 or above through 79 games, .398 through 97, and was at .392 through 102. Then in late August he tore a muscle in his right side and missed the rest of the season. He finished at .387, the highest single-season average in Pacific League history, in only 105 games.

    Would he have made it back to .400? I think so. He was an alien.

    None of this was known in America when he crossed over. The conventional wisdom—if you could call it that, since most Americans had no wisdom at all on the subject—was skepticism. He was small. He hit singles. Japan wasn’t really the major leagues. Pitchers could find success, sure, but could a Japanese hitter?

    Then in just the eighth game of his rookie season stateside, Ichiro threw out a runner at third base from right field. Terrence Long tried to go from first to third on a slowly hit ground ball to right field. The ball arrived at third base well before Long did, before Long had even begun to slow down. The announcer Rick Rizzs screamed: A laser beam strike from Ichiro!

    The alien had landed in America.

    His new teammates with the Seattle Mariners tried to describe what he did with a bat. John Olerud, who had been in the major leagues since before Ichiro had played a professional game in Japan, counted five distinct swings. Five. The running one-hander. The leaner. The fistcuff. The chip shot. The power swing.

    That first season Ichiro hit .350, led the American League in hitting, led the league in stolen bases, won the Gold Glove, won the Silver Slugger, won Rookie of the Year, and won the Most Valuable Player Award. He was the first player from Asia ever to win an MVP. He was the first player since Fred Lynn in 1975 to win MVP and Rookie of the Year in the same season. He set the record for hits by a rookie: 242.

    He was 27 years old and he was just getting started in Major League Baseball.

    The record he is most famous for came in 2004. George Sisler had set the major league mark for hits in a season in 1920 with 257. It had stood for 84 years, through the careers of Ted Williams and Stan Musial and Pete Rose and Tony Gwynn, through the entirety of the television era, through everything the game had thrown at it. Ichiro broke it on October 1, 2004, in the last week of the season, finishing with 262. The commissioner of baseball gave him a special award.

    The New York Times wrote that season that it was more realistic to imagine Ichiro breaking Joe DiMaggio’s 56-game hitting streak than batting .400. Ichiro himself, when asked which was harder, chose the streak.

    “Hits can be accumulated,” he once said. “That’s why I value them over batting average.”

    His batting average could fluctuate. A hit was permanent. He knew because he flirted with .400 before he left Japan.

    There was a philosophy behind everything he did, and it went all the way down. He used the same model of bat from the day he entered professional baseball, with an extremely thin barrel, 60.5 millimeters in diameter, demanding of the user a precision that most hitters could not sustain for an afternoon, let alone a career.

    “I treat my bat,” he said, “not as a tool, but as part of my body.”

    After an early game in his career with the BlueWave, he once threw his bat in frustration. Just tossed it, casually, the way young players do. He said afterward that he regretted it immediately, that the regret never fully went away, that the incident deepened his feeling for his equipment in ways he couldn’t fully articulate. From then on, he always set the bat down gently, no matter what happened at the plate.

    His glove strings, at his insistence, were left partially untied. He wanted to feel the ball all the way to the tips of the leather. He wanted the glove to be an extension of his hand, not a mitt clamped to the end of his wrist. When his longtime gloveman Nobuyoshi Tsubota handed the work off to his apprentice Kosaku Kishimoto, Ichiro won the Gold Glove that year. In the interview afterward, he said: “If I hadn’t won the Gold Glove with Kishimoto’s glove, he probably would have blamed himself. I was determined not to let that happen.”

    There is a reason that after Ichiro arrived in Seattle, the number of children in Japan who wanted to play right field increased dramatically. Right field had always been the position you gave the weakest outfielder in little league. Ichiro made it the place everyone wanted to be.

    His range in right field was so extraordinary that his teammates called it Area 51: the restricted zone, the classified territory, where things happened that couldn’t be explained and shouldn’t be questioned. His arm, thanks to Rizzs, they called the laser beam and not because it was simply powerful, like Vladimir Guerrero’s bazooka, but because it was accurate. In a poll of 415 major league players in 2006, 48 percent named Ichiro as the outfielder with the best arm. Nearly half of all the players in baseball named the same player. Nearly half.

    In 2003, in a survey of all 30 major league managers published in Baseball America, Ichiro was named best hitter, best bunter, best baserunner, fastest baserunner, best defensive outfielder, best outfield arm, and most exciting player. He was the best at everything.

    He was drafted by Orix in 1991, in the fourth round, after eleven other teams passed on him. Part of the reason was Koshien. In the spring of that year, playing in the national high school tournament as his team’s cleanup hitter and ace pitcher, he went 0-for-5 in a first-round loss. His Koshien career totals: 1-for-9. For a player who would one day be the greatest hit-maker in the history of the game, it is nearly impossible to comprehend.

    What happened, by the account of people close to the team, was this: the night before the game, Ichiro could not sleep. He started his warmup alone at 2 a.m., two full hours before his teammates were scheduled to wake up. By 4 a.m., when the rest of the team rose, he was already at peak condition. And then he stood in the batter’s box and his right shoulder kept flying open. He had wanted it too much. The responsibility had overwhelmed him. He had prepared for everything except his own nerves.

    He had wanted to be selected by his hometown team, the Chunichi Dragons, the team he had grown up rooting for, the team with the hitters he most admired. They didn’t take him. A scout from the Hiroshima Carp who had watched that game said later: “With pitchers you can tell from a game. But with position players, you have to watch practice.” The man who did watch practice was a scout named Katsutoshi Miwada at Orix, who had tracked Ichiro through workouts and regional games and seen something the Koshien box score could not contain. He pushed hard for a fourth-round pick. He died years later. Ichiro, by the account of Miwada’s family, visited his grave every single year without exception.

    When he was finally drafted, the news was covered in one line in the local sports paper. A single line, buried near the bottom of the page, for the kid who would become one of the great ballplayers in the world.

    The 3,000th MLB hit came on August 7, 2016, in Denver, against the Rockies. On that night he was in the starting lineup for the first time in a week, batting sixth, and playing center field. He went 0-for-3. Then in the seventh inning, facing a left-hander on a 2-0 count, he hit a high fly ball to right field that bounced off the wall. He coasted into third. The 30th player in major league history to reach 3,000 hits. His teammates poured out of the dugout. The Rockies players applauded from their side. He took off his helmet to the standing crowd.

    Reaching 3,000 in his 16th major league season tied Pete Rose for the fastest ever, from the age of debut. He had arrived in the major leagues at 27, older than most stars when they reach such milestones, and still he got there as fast as anyone.

    He had 1,278 hits in NPB. Just two months prior to getting his 3,000th hit in America, he knocked a double for his 4,257th professional hit, passing Pete Rose for the most all-time.

    When Ichiro passed Rose’s record, he was asked to reflect on what it all meant. He said: “Since I was a child, I have always achieved things people laughed at me for. When I was in elementary school, practicing baseball every day, the neighbors would say ‘does that kid think he’s going to become a professional?’ and laugh. It hurt. But I became a professional. In Japan I won the batting title, and when I said I wanted to win the batting title in America, people laughed at that too. But I achieved that twice. I have a history of painful moments of being laughed at, and I want to keep clearing those hurdles.”

    Pride, hurt, and defiance, braided together. A whole career defined in just a few sentences.

    He also said, more than once, that none of it would have started without Ohgi. In the autumn of 2000, in Kobe, Ichiro took his manager out for drinks and used the occasion to lobby him to support his posting to the major leagues. “Without that decision by Ohgi,” he said, “nothing would have begun.” The man who named him, believed in him, and finally let him go.

    By the time he retired, the Emperor had mentioned him twice in his annual press conference. Tony Gwynn said Ichiro reminded the world of the value of the contact hitter. Wade Boggs sent his regards. Roberto Alomar said he would be waiting for him at Cooperstown.

    Even Fidel Castro had chimed in and called him the best hitter in the world.

    In January 2025, Ichiro was elected to both the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame and the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown. The same month, in his first year of eligibility for each. He was the first Japanese player, the first Asian-born player, ever inducted into Cooperstown.

    In Japan, he appeared on 323 of 349 ballots, the sixth-highest vote share in the hall’s history.

    Hall of Fame voting in Japan is stricter than it is in America. But in the hearts of every Japanese person, he’s a unanimous Hall of Famer. Ichiro proved that Japanese hitters belonged in the major leagues. Like Nomo, Ichiro helped change everything. Without Ichiro, there would be no Shohei Ohtani. I do not want to imagine baseball without Ohtani, and I do not want to imagine baseball without Ichiro.

    In America, he received 393 votes out of a possible 394, tying Derek Jeter for the second-highest percentage ever recorded. One voter left him off. Somewhere, one person looked at everything Ichiro Suzuki had done across 28 professional seasons in two countries, looked at 4,367 hits and 10 Gold Gloves and a .322 career average and a single-season record that had stood since 1920, and decided: not quite. The other 393 disagreed.

    Unbelievable.

    And one final thing. Yes, this was a list of Japan’s favorite players. But Ichiro would have to rank at the top of America’s favorite players, too.

    In right field at Safeco Field, for years and years, a woman named Amy Franz sat in the front row with a handmade scoreboard she called the Ichi-Meter. She counted every hit. She had started in 2004, the year of the single-season record. She followed him when he moved. When he was closing in on 3,000, she traveled to watch, flying city to city, spending down her savings, and when the money ran out she put up a fundraiser online and kept going. She was in Denver when the high fly ball left his bat and bounced off the right field wall and he coasted into third. She was there the night he got number 3,000.

    Ichiro, somehow, in the middle of everything, the record-chasing and the Gold Gloves and the laser beams and the five different swings, knew her birthday. In 2014, when he was with the Yankees, he signed a ball for her. He wrote: Happy BD, Amy.

    That’s the whole story of Ichiro, really. That’s all of it.

    Thomas Love Seagull’s work can be found on his Substack Baseball in Japan

    https://thomasloveseagull.substack.com

  • ‘There’s No Joy in Tokyo’: The 1990 Super Major Series

    ‘There’s No Joy in Tokyo’: The 1990 Super Major Series

    by Robert Fitts


    Every Monday morning we will post an article from SABR’s award-winning books Nichibei Yakyu: Volumes I and II. Each will present a different chapter in the long history of US-Japan baseball relations. This week Rob Fitts focuses on the 1990 Super Major Series– the first time Japan captured the series against an MLB visit team.

    In the mid- to late 1980s, tensions between the United States and Japan rose to a level not seen since World War II. Americans were frightened at the rising strength of the Japanese economy.

    Japanese imports, especially automobiles and electronics, seemed to be taking over the American market. At the same time, Japanese investors began purchasing American real estate, companies, and institutions such as the Pebble Beach golf club and CBS Records. Both politicians and the public feared that Japan would soon surpass the United States economically, marking the end of “the American century.” Japan-bashing – verbal attacks on Japan and physical attacks on Japanese goods – became widespread and talk of “economic war” was endemic.

    As the Japanese economy rose, so did the nation’s prowess at baseball. The Nippon Professional League had been gradually improving since World War II. Touring major-league squads, which had beaten their hosts so handily in the 1950s, now faced stiffer competition. The 1974 Mets (9-7-2), 1981 Royals (9-7-1), and 1984 Orioles (8-5-1) had all struggled in Japan. In 1986 the first Nichibei All-Star Series was held, won by the major leaguers six games to one, but in 1988 the Americans escaped with a 3-2-2 record. The time was ripe for the Japanese to defeat America at its national pastime.

    On October 31, 1990, a 26-man US all-star team arrived in Tokyo for the eight-game Super Major Series. Leading the Americans was Chicago Cubs manager Don Zimmer, who had played for the Toei Flyers of the Pacific League in 1966. Zimmer did not do particularly well in Japan, on or off the field. He hit just .182 in 203 at-bats and had trouble adapting to the culture. “I don’t eat all that raw fish. I couldn’t stand the smell. I lived on a diet of Campbell’s tomato soup and flounder.” Arriving in Japan for the second time, he told reporters, “It’s a great honor for me to be named manager of the all-star team of the major leagues. At the same time, my heart is filled with expectations. We formed the strongest team ever and will play a showdown with a Japan all-star team. I hope Japanese fans will enjoy each of the games.”

    Observers noted right away that the visitors were hardly “the strongest team ever.” Dave Wiggins of the Japan Times wrote, “Sorry to say, but that upcoming all-star baseball series here pitting the Major Leagues against the Japan League will not be a ‘very best vs. very best’ type match-up. The host Japanese contingent does consist of the best available talent at each position. However, some of the major leaguers on hand, though they are solid players, are not the best in the majors at their spots. … The Hallmark Greeting-Card Company has a famous advertising slogan: ‘If you care to send the very best, send Hallmark.’ Somehow I don’t think Hallmark and Major League Baseball do much business together.”

    Headlining the American roster were National League MVP Barry Bonds, Oakland A’s ace Dave Stewart, Cincinnati Reds “Nasty Boy” Rob Dibble, and father and son teammates Ken Griffey and Ken Griffey Jr. Also on the roster were two up-and-coming young players who were eventually enshrined at Cooperstown: Randy Johnson and Robert Alomar.

    The real star, however, was American League home run and RBI champ Cecil Fielder. After signing professionally in 1982, Fielder spent eight years trying to break into a major-league lineup with little success. In late 1988 the Toronto Blue Jays sold his contract to the Hanshin Tigers of the Central League. Fielder blossomed in Japan, batting .302 with 38 home runs and a 1.031 OPS. With his mammoth production and physical size, he became a favorite among the rabid Hanshin fans. His success in Japan allowed Fielder to sign with the Detroit Tigers as a free agent after the 1989 season. Probably no one expected Fielder to surpass his NPB numbers in the majors, but he nearly did – leading the American League with 51 home runs and 133 RBIs along with a .277 batting average and a .969 OPS. For most Japanese fans it was a validation of the strength of Nippon Professional Baseball, showing that the leagues were not that far apart.

    “In most cases, foreign players have been at the end of their careers when they come here,” explained Peter Miller, a consultant to the Major League Baseball Players Association who lived in Tokyo at the time. “But Cecil, he learned patience at the plate and how to hit home runs here. Then he went back. Now, he’s considered a hometown boy.” Everywhere Fielder went he was mobbed by Japanese media and fans. “Fielder’s every move provoked a commotion. Dozens of photographers, standing at ease most of the time, would spring into action with each Cecil sighting.”

    Opposing Fielder and his major-league teammates was a strong Japanese squad. Built around a rotating roster, the squad contained nearly every star in the league. The Japan All-Stars consisted of a core 20-man roster that included future Hall of Famers Hideo Nomo, Koji Akiyama, and Hiromitsu Ochiai. This core roster was supplemented by six additional players for each of the eight games. The team’s manager and coaching staff also rotated. Motoshi Fujita managed the first two games, Masaaki Mori the third, Koichi Tabuchi the fourth, Katsuhiro Nakamura the fifth, Masaichi Kaneda the sixth, and Sadao Kondo the final two. In all, 62 of the eligible 64 men played on the Japanese squad.

    The series opened at Tokyo Dome on Friday evening, November 2. Dennis “Oil Can” Boyd started for the major leaguers against a 22-year-old rookie named Hideo Nomo. Known as “The Tornado” due to his corkscrew windup, Nomo was not drafted after high school by any professional team. Instead, he honed his skills in Japan’s industrial leagues in 1988 and pitched for Japan’s Olympic team. The Kintetsu Buffaloes drafted Nomo in 1989 and he made his professional debut the following season. He was an instant success, leading the Pacific League with 18 wins, 287 strikeouts, 235 innings pitched, and a 2.91 ERA. He won the league’s MVP and Rookie of the Year Awards.

    Nomo’s debut against major-league hitters, however, did not start well. He began by walking leadoff hitter Ken Griffey Jr. and then plunked his father. Following Japanese baseball etiquette, the young pitcher removed his cap and bowed to Griffey Sr. to show that the errant pitch was unintentional. The son then stole third base as Nomo retired Julio Franco, putting runners at the corners with one out and Cecil Fielder coming to the plate. Perhaps overawed by Fielder’s reputation, Nomo walked the Tiger intentionally and would now have to face Barry Bonds with the bases loaded. Bonds responded with a sharp single to center, scoring Griffey Jr. It looked as though it would be a long night for the Japanese team and its fans, but then the American bats went silent. Nomo pitched out of the inning by retiring Kelly Gruber and Jesse Barfield. Nomo and relievers Hiromi Makihara, Yukihiro Nishizaki, Masumi Kuwata, and Masao Kida surrendered just one more hit (an infield single by Sandy Alomar Jr. in the seventh) and no runs over the next eight innings. Zimmer noted that the Japanese kept the major leaguers off balance by pitching “backwards.” “Every time [they] got behind a hitter, they never threw a fastball. They’d throw curves, fork balls and we didn’t hit them.”

    Overall, Boyd and relievers Randy Johnson and Rob Dibble pitched well, allowing only four hits and striking out 12, but the Japanese bundled their hits. In the third inning, Takahiro Ikeyama doubled off the left-center-field wall with runners on first and third to put his team on top, 2-1. Tatsunori Hara then singled in Ikeyama to increase the lead to 3-1. The NPB All-Stars scored again in the seventh to seal the victory as Kaoru Okazaki scored on Akinobu Okada’s sacrifice fly.

    One of the game’s highlights came from Dibble. “The fans were … in awe of the speed of the Nasty Boy’s pitches as the radar readings were flashed across the scoreboard. The murmurs grew louder and louder as pitch after pitch exceeded 150 kilometers per hour (93 mph). Yomiuri shortstop Masahiro Kawai, aware of Dibble’s ability to heave the horsehide more than 100 mph, drew laughter and applause for doffing his cap after he grounded out to second. He was ecstatic, he had hit the ball.”

    The loss did not seem to concern Zimmer or his players. Since 1951 visiting major-league squads had lost nine of the 19 opening games. The Americans usually arrived jet-lagged and out of practice. “For most of the guys, it’s been a month since they faced live pitching,” noted Fielder. “It’s going to take a couple of days to get our timing back. Once we get our mechanics back, we’re going to show a good brand of baseball.”

    The visitors’ slump continued the following day as a sellout crowd of 56,000 packed Tokyo Dome for the second game. In the second inning, Koji Akiyama doubled off starter Chuck Finley and scored on an attempted steal of third as catcher Mike Scioscia’s throw went into left field. In the bottom half of the inning, the Americans grabbed the lead as Fielder singled and scored on Glenn Davis’s two-run homer. But then the Japanese pitchers took over and retired 20 of the next 21 batters. Meanwhile, the NPB All-Stars retook the lead in the third inning on a two-run single by Kazuhiko Ishimine and added an insurance run in the top of the ninth to lead 4-2.

    Chunichi Dragons rookie closer Tsuyoshi Yoda, “usually noted for his pinpoint control,” began the bottom of the ninth by walking Chris Sabo and Barry Bonds. The excited fans rose to their feet as Cecil Fielder strode to the plate with the tying runs on base. But those expecting the fairy-tale ending were disappointed as Fielder grounded into a 6-4-3 double play. With two outs and Sabo on third, Davis picked up his third RBI of the evening with a single, but Ozzie Guillen flied out to end the game and give the Major League stars their second straight defeat. To quell the major-league bats, manager Motoshi Fujita had used five pitchers: starter Masaki Saito (three hits in two innings), Kazutomo Miyamoto (no hits, one walk in three innings), Tomio Watanabe (perfect for two innings), Hiroaki Nakayama (one perfect inning), and Yoda. Zimmer noted that it was difficult for his batters because “the Japanese ‘might only use a pitcher for two innings and then he’s gone and then you have to start over again’ learning the next pitcher.”

    After a rainout on Sunday, November 4, the series continued the following day at Seibu Stadium in Tokorozawa, a suburb of Tokyo. Lions manager Masaaki Mori took over the helm for the Japanese squad. Before the game, Mori warned the media and fans not to underestimate the visitors after the two losses, noting that the players had been away from the game for a month. “It is wrong to consider that the major leaguers’ strength has diminished,” he concluded.

    Dave Stewart, the intimidating ace of the Oakland Athletics, took the mound for the Americans against Hisanobu Watanabe of the Seibu Lions. The major leaguers struck early as Ken Griffey Jr. doubled and scored on a single by Barry Bonds with one out in the first. Stewart battled the NPB All-Stars, holding them scoreless until the fifth, when they pushed the tying run across on doubles by Tsutomu Ito and Hatsuhiko Tsuji.

    The major leaguers had plenty of chances to score as they racked up 11 hits, worked out three walks, and had two hit batsmen off a succession of six pitchers. In the sixth, they left the bases loaded as Glenn Davis struck out looking to end the inning. Julio Franco and R.J. Reynolds began the seventh with back-to-back singles, but Franco was out trying to advance to third on Ozzie Guillen’s fly out to center field and Greg Olson struck out to retire the side. In the top of the eighth the Americans threatened again, placing runners at the corners with two outs but Hideo Nomo, on in relief, induced Davis to ground back to the mound for the third out.

    The Japanese broke the tie in the bottom of the eighth as Kenichi Yamazaki singled off Rob Dibble. Mori brought in speedster Norifumi Nishimura to pinch-run and he stole second before scoring on Makoto Sasaki’s single.

    Once again Yoda came on to close the game, and once again the rookie nearly fell apart. After allowing hits to Franco and Reynolds, Yoda retired Guillen but walked pinch-hitter Mike Scioscia to load the bases. Bearing down, the closer retired Chris Sabo on a shallow fly ball and Griffey Jr. on a groundout to end the game. “I’m trying everything to win,” proclaimed Zimmer. “We want to win. We all want to win. But they’ve outplayed us. They’ve won three in a row. All we can do is to come out tomorrow and try to win.”

    Only 23,000 came to watch the fourth game, at Heiwadai Stadium in Fukuoka. To top the skid, Zimmer turned to Blue Jays ace Dave Steib, who had just finished a strong season with 18 wins, a 2.93 ERA and a no-hitter against Cleveland on September 2. The game remained close for three innings as the Japanese scored one in the first and the Americans tied it on Jesse Barfield’s home run in the second. But in the top of the fourth, the roof collapsed on Steib and his teammates as the Japanese took a 3-1 lead on a two-run single by Koji Akiyama. They added three more runs the next inning, another three in the sixth, highlighted by Hiroo Ishii’s two-run homer, and capped it off with a two-run seventh. In all, the NPB All-Stars scored 11 times on 20 hits, four walks, and four American errors. Makoto Sasaki led the onslaught by going 5-for-6 while Ishii went 3-for-3 in the 11-6 victory.

    With the fourth consecutive Japanese victory, the media on both sides of the Pacific began paying more attention to the series. Newspapers across the United States ran an Associated Press article that began, “First it was cameras, cars and electronics. And now, horror of horrors, is baseball to be the next U.S. industry to find itself outgunned by the Japanese juggernaut? The question, which would have evoked laughs last week, seems suddenly pertinent after the showing of a major league all-star team touring Japan for an eight-game series.”

    Some in the Japanese media began to crow. One Nippon Television national newscaster proclaimed that “the major leaguers have received a lesson since coming to Japan.” Another NTV announcer during the nightly sports highlights on November 6 pontificated “about the strong Japanese yen and the weak American dollar and strong Japan league pro baseball players and weak American major leaguers. And then for good measure, he add[ed] the Americans have lost face.”

    According to Washington Post foreign correspondent T.R. Reid,

    Sportscasters here have put together a hilarious bloopers tape made up of bonehead plays made by the visiting Americans. As the tape unfolds, we see Cleveland catcher Sandy Alomar Jr., the American League’s rookie of the year, drilling a pick-off throw so far into right field that the runner he is trying to nail manages to score from first. Montreal pitcher Dennis “Oil Can” Boyd is seen talking to himself after walking in a run; three U.S. fielders bump into one another while a pop fly drops in short right; and American manager Don Zimmer of the Chicago Cubs looks sorrier and sorrier in the forlorn U.S. dugout.

    Other Japanese, however, were angry with their team’s success. “We would rather see the Americans play very well and have the Japanese lose,” said Takeyuki Hayashi, a baseball writer for Nikkan Gendai. “We want to see what we cannot watch from our own players. We want to see power and speed. … It’s not a matter of winning or losing. We just want to watch good baseball.”

    Many concluded that the major leaguers were not taking the games seriously. A columnist for Shukan Gendai “contended that the U.S. players have been spending too much time at soapland,” the Japanese term for erotic wet massage parlors usually run by prostitutes. Most critics, however, believed that the visitors just lacked focus and the desire to win. Mikio Takeda, of the tour’s sponsor Mainichi Newspapers, noted that the “Japanese [are] very disappointed. I really felt like the Japanese players can never beat these guys. But look at the result. After the Americans lost the first game, maybe they’re sleepy. Then second loss, third, fourth. I figured maybe [the] Americans [are] weak.”Kazuhiro Kiyohara, the Japanese first baseman, added, “I really know Americans play better; I’ve gone over there. … I know Japanese can’t play with the Americans. But the American players maybe lost their concentration.”When asked if he felt the major leaguers were trying, Hideo Nomo said, “I don’t know. I’m sure I want to win, but I don’t know about them.”

    The defeats led to a rift in the major-league squad. “This is supposed to be our all-star team,” said coach Don Baylor. “We haven’t executed. We’ve played poor baseball. Some guys are here on vacation and maybe some guys came here to take the money and go home.” Ken Griffey Sr. noted the lack of intensity among some of the younger players: “There’s a difference and I think it started with the guys who came up after 1985. They want to win. [But] Sometimes you wonder if they know how all the time.” Griffey Sr. felt the need to have some discussions on attitude with his son. One “centered on young Griffey’s casual stroll off the field after making an out.”

    Twenty-six-year-old Rob Dibble said, “Our guys are just doing this for fun and a little more baseball. There’s not a lot riding on these games and nobody’s going to go out and get hurt, either. The pitchers aren’t throwing 100 percent and just throwing strikes and getting them out as best you can. But when you come down to it, your livelihood is in the States. That’s what it’s all about.”

    But veterans like Dave Stewart disagreed, “We came over here to win; this isn’t a joke. Maybe we should refocus on what we should be doing. They’re trying to beat us. Why shouldn’t we be trying to beat them? … I didn’t come 8,000 miles to lose. Losing ruins your whole day.”

    On November 7 fans came out to Koshien Stadium, home of the Hanshin Tigers, to welcome Cecil Fielder back to Osaka. Journalist Harry F. Thompson observed, “While all 58,000 seats are not sold out for Wednesday’s game (strange, considering how the Japanese have taken to public gloating in recent days over their surprising lead in the fall exhibition tour), crowds have formed outside ticket windows since sunrise in hopes of buying a cheap ($23) bleacher seat.”

    Randy Johnson took the mound for the Americans. The 6-foot-10 left-hander had just finished his second full season in the big leagues and showed promise with a 14-11 record and a 3.65 ERA, and was named to the American League All-Star team. His league-leading 120 walks, however, were worrisome. At the time, few would have predicted that he would mature into a Hall of Fame pitcher. The Japanese All-Stars pounced on Johnson as Hiromitsu Ochiai hit a two-run homer in the first and Katsumi Hirosawa hit a two-run home run in the fourth. The Japanese scored another in the fifth on a botched pickoff to enter the eighth inning with a 5-2 lead.

    Chris Sabo began the inning with a single to left off southpaw Shinji Imanaka and an out later Barry Bonds followed with a single to center. Then hometown hero Cecil Fielder came to the plate. Fielder had had a disappointing series, going 2-for-17 without an extra-base hit. But on his special day, the big slugger came through, blasting a curveball deep into the left-field bleachers to tie the game, 5-5. “They were laughing at us after the fourth loss,” said Fielder. “They were having a great old time in the other dugout. But they sure got quiet in a hurry, didn’t they? This one felt real good.”

    Surprisingly, Japanese manager Katsuhiro Nakamura left Imanaka on the mound. He retired Glenn Davis but Julio Franco singled and stole second, bringing up right-handed batter Jesse Barfield with two outs. Rather than bring in a righty to face Barfield, Nakamura stayed with Imanaka. Barfield punished them by smashing a home run to deep left to capture the lead. In the ninth, with a battered Imanaka still pitching, the Americans added to their lead with a two-run homer from Griffey Jr. and a solo home run from Bonds. The night ended with a 10-5 major-league victory. The suffering Imanaka got the loss, having surrendered eight hits and eight runs in two innings. “We were getting tired of losing,” noted Griffey Jr. “We finally won one, and it felt good. Now, maybe, we can go out and win the next three.”

    But it was not to be. On November 9 at Chiba Lotte Marine Stadium, the Japanese All-Stars went out to a 4-0 lead in the second inning and added two more in the fourth against starter Dennis Boyd. Although the Americans got three back, including a run off 21-year-old Hideki Irabu, they entered the seventh inning down 6-3. Reliever Hisao Niura immediately ran into trouble, giving up a hit and two walks to load the bases with one out. Game 6 Japanese manager Masaichi Kaneda brought in Yoshihisa Shiratake but to no avail as Kelly Gruber hit a two-run single and Jesse Barfield followed with a game-tying single past shortstop Takahiro Ikeyama.

    Tsuyoshi Yoda shut down the major leaguers in the bottom of the eighth and the teams entered the ninth knotted, 6-6. Zimmer gave the ball to Bobby Thigpen, the White Sox closer, who had a 1.83 ERA and 57 saves during the 1990 season.

    Katsumi Hirosawa led off by slicing a line drive down the right-field line. Barfield sprinted to his left and made a sliding catch to save an extra-base hit, ripping his pants in the process. “Earlier in the game, Barry Bonds and Griffey and I got together and decided to take the line away from those guys,” said Barfield. “The left-handed guys were hooking the ball down the line and the righties were slicing the ball. So I just moved over a couple of steps. I had a good jump on the ball. Had I been straight up, I never would have gotten to the ball. … That’s one of my favorite plays – running to my left and sliding after the ball.” Thigpen then walked the next two batters. With the game on the line, he settled down and got consecutive groundouts to end the inning.

    Yoda pitched a scoreless bottom of the ninth. As the Americans collected their items off the bench and headed to the locker room, one of their teammates asked,

    “Where’s everybody going?”

    “It’s over. In Japan, games end in a tie,” he was told.

    “A tie? What do you mean a tie game? We don’t play to ties!” the player asked incredulously.

    “I haven’t been in a tie since Little League” … Rob Dibble said with disgust.

    “It’s the first time in my life and I don’t like it,” Jesse Barfield added.

    At least, “It’s better than losing,” said Don Zimmer, shrugging his shoulders.

    With the tie, the Japanese All-Stars clinched the eight-game series. Not counting the San Francisco Giants’ 3-6 record during their 1970 spring-training games in Japan, it was the first time a professional American team would leave Japan with a losing record.

    After playing strong baseball for six games, the Japanese squad seemed to relax after clinching the series. Game 7 at Tokyo Dome was sloppy with the hosts “committing three errors, two wild pitches, a passed ball and a hit batsman.” Even with these gaffes, the major leaguers had difficulty scoring off the five pitchers used by the Japanese. The Americans’ first run came in the fourth when Fielder walked and moved to second on a passed ball. Glenn Davis grounded to short and Fielder got hung up between second and third. Shortstop Takahiro Ikeyama “ranged far to his right to make the stop and tried to pick Fielder off second with an off-balance throw. The ball sailed wide of the base and into shallow right field, allowing Fielder to lumber around third and barely beat the throw to the plate.” Lenny Dykstra put the Americans up 2-0 the following inning with a home run down the right-field line.

    Meanwhile, starter Dave Stewart dominated the NPB All-Stars, throwing six shutout innings, until the seventh. The inning began with a double by Norihiro Komada. After a spectacular diving catch by shortstop Ozzie Guillen, Atsuya Furuta singled home Komada. Koji Akiyama then tripled off the right-field wall to score Furuta and tie the game, 2-2. In the top of the eighth, the numerous Japanese misplays caught up with them. Ken Griffey Jr. led off with a single, advanced to second on a wild pitch by Kazuhiko Daimon, and kept running, just beating the throw as he slid safely into third base. After Dykstra popped out, Daimon uncorked a second wild pitch, allowing Griffey to score. Now up 3-2, Zimmer brought in Dibble, who closed the game with two scoreless innings to seal the 3-2 victory.

    Chuck Finley took the mound at Tokyo Dome on November 11 for the final game of the series. Finley had not pitched well in his first start, losing Game 2. And he looked shaky in this final outing as he walked Hiromitsu Ochiai and Hiroo Ishii in the second but was saved by inducing Mokoto Sasaki to ground into a double play to end the inning. As the game went on, Finley settled down and looked stronger, keeping “the Japanese hitters off balance by changing speeds and working the corners with his forkball.” At the end of three innings, he had a no-hit shutout.

    The first two Japanese batters reached base in the fourth on consecutive errors by Ozzie Guillen and Kelly Gruber, but Finley retired the heart of the opponents’ order – Ochiai, Katsumi Hirosawa, and Ishii – to keep the shutout and no-hitter alive. As Finley thwarted the Japanese, his teammates put up five runs. Three came in the second inning off Hideo Nomo when Greg Olson “drilled a waist-high fastball deep into the left-field bleachers.” “I played in six of the eight games, mostly as a late inning defensive replacement,” said Olson. “It was great to make my only hit such a big one.” The Americans picked up two more runs in the third on RBI doubles by Griffey Jr. and Gruber.

    At the end of the fifth inning, Zimmer, following a game plan designed to protect his starter’s arm, took Finley out despite the no-hitter. “After throwing 240-plus [sic] innings [during the 1990 season] you don’t know how your arm’s going to react after you shut it down for a month and then crank it back up,” Finley explained. “I could’ve gone one more inning but I wasn’t going to push it.” While Finley had been primarily using off-speed pitches, reliever Randy Johnson threw hard. “I don’t think these guys [the Japanese] have seen many fastballs over 90 miles an hour,” Johnson noted. The contrast helped baffle his opponents. Johnson cruised through the remaining four innings, striking out four and walking two. “The crowd was into it,” said Johnson.

    “Every time Randy threw a strike in the last inning you could see him grip his glove a little harder,” said the catcher, Olson. “It was the same for me. I didn’t want to make any mistakes in the last inning so I said let’s go with his best pitch, so he went fastball the whole last inning. We didn’t even mess around with anything else.”

    “I started getting pumped up in the last inning and threw a lot of strikes,” said Johnson. “Maybe I had a little more adrenaline today because there was a no-hitter on the line. Maybe it was because the reputation of American baseball was on the line.”

    “It was a good way to close for us,” said Cecil Fielder after the 5-0 win. “I just came to have some fun.” But Japan Times writer Greg Hardesty summed it up best: “Any lingering snickers among critics of the Major League’s lackluster performance in the Super Major League Series’ early games were silenced forever when catcher Tsutomu Ito of the Seibu Lions flew out to right fielder Jesse Barfield to end the history-making game.”

    Although the Americans had redeemed themselves in the final games, their losing record received national attention. Critics often related the Japanese success on the diamond with their economic success and the ongoing US-Japan trade issues. “Made in Japan: Better Baseball” read a headline in Newsweek. Jim Impoco of U.S. News & World Report wrote, “Future historians attempting to pinpoint the end of the American Century may want to look no further than a short-porched ballyard near the heart of this teaming capital where a major-league-baseball all-star team from the States came, saw – and was conquered. … At a time when U.S. industry is under mounting pressure from hard-charging Japanese competitors, it’s hard to resist comparisons.”An exasperated American banker working in Tokyo exclaimed, “We’re not even No. 1 in baseball anymore. … What’s left?”

    Japan Times columnist Dave Wiggins, however, disagreed. “The reality of the situation is that this recent ‘goodwill’ series is, or at least should be, all about baseball – nothing else. Not economics and certainly not a country’s worth.” There were, Wiggins argued, several reasons for the Japanese victory.

    As pointed out before the games began, the major-league roster consisted of talented players willing to make the postseason trip to Japan – not the best players in the league. Of the 30 top batters in the 1990 major-league season, according to Wins Above Replacement (WAR), only six came to Japan. None of the top 10 pitchers, according to WAR, and just three of the top 30 made the trip. In contrast, the 64-man Japanese roster included nearly every top Japanese player. It was a true all-star squad. Furthermore, most of the Japanese managers took advantage of the large roster to limit their pitchers to just two innings per game. During the eight-game series, the Japanese used 35 different pitchers. As a result, the Americans rarely faced the same pitcher twice, denying them the opportunity to see all of their opponents’ pitches or determine pitching patterns.

    The monthlong layoff between the end of the major-league season and the trip to Japan with only one day of recovery and practice after arrival undoubtedly hurt the American players. Bodies became sore and stiff; the hitters had lost their timing and the pitchers lost the feel of the ball. “If you lay off for about a month, you might as well be off for the whole winter. You lose your edge very quickly. It’s taken us a little time, but as the series progressed I think we played a little better baseball,” reflected Mike Scioscia. Nearly all the players complained about the layoff and difficulty of playing at full intensity. But other visiting American teams had suffered similar layoffs and still returned home with winning records.

    The biggest factor in the American defeat was the strength of the Japanese players. Not only did they play with intensity but the gap between the major leagues and Nippon Pro Baseball was narrowing. “I frankly don’t think there’s much difference anymore,” said Cecil Fielder. “The Japanese have come a long way, and you can’t really say they’re far behind now.” In the first all-star series, held in 1986, the Americans comfortably won six of the seven games as the Japanese team ERA was a lofty 6.71. “When I played there in 1986, the pitching wasn’t that good,” recalled Jesse Barfield. “The difference is [now] they’re getting their breaking balls over anytime in the count. They didn’t do that in 1986. They had to rely on fastballs and they weren’t blowing them by us. Now they have some pretty decent cheese to set up that off-speed stuff anytime they want to throw it.” Two years later, the Japanese staff held the visitors to 3.98 earned runs per game, as the major-league team escaped with a 3-2-2 record. In 1990 the Japanese ERA was nearly identical, 4.06, but their teammates raised their batting average more than 30 points, from .212 to .245. (The Americans hit .250 during the series.)

    “Their hitters are getting bigger and stronger,” explained Zimmer, “and their pitching is terrific. They have good stuff, change speeds well and most of all, have outstanding control.” “Maybe in the past, the U.S. could just show up and win easily, but no more. In the future the Major Leaguers will have to take these games more seriously and prepare better if they hope to win. The Japanese have become that good. We should have learned an important lesson.”

    Commissioner Fay Vincent agreed. “We’ve clearly got to do a better job starting with the process because you don’t want to come over here and be embarrassed. And everyone involved has got to be embarrassed, starting with me and going down to the players.” “When this is over,” he added, “we’ll sit down and think about what we can do to improve the caliber of play.”

    And indeed, when the major-league all-stars returned in 1992, they were prepared for revenge.

    Read the full version of this article on the SABR website

  • Japan’s Favorite Players: No. 2, Sadaharu Oh

    Japan’s Favorite Players: No. 2, Sadaharu Oh

    by Thomas Love Seagull

    A recent poll for a TV special saw more than 50,000 people in Japan vote for their favorite retired baseball players. 20 players emerged from a pool of 9,000. Yes, they could only vote for players who are no longer active, so you won’t see Shohei Ohtani or other current stars on this list. Which is probably smart because I’m sure Ohtani would win by default. There are, however, players who were beloved but not necessarily brilliant, and foreign stars who found success after coming to NPB. Unsurprisingly, the list leans heavily towards the past 30 years, with a few legends thrown in for good measure.

    Over the next few weeks, I’ll be profiling each of these players. Some of these players I know only a little about, so this will be as much a journey for me as, hopefully, it will be for you. It’ll be a mix of history, stats, and whatever interesting stories I can dig up.

    For now, have a look at the list below and see how the public ranked them. I’ve included the years they played in NPB in parentheses.

    20. Alex Ramirez (2001-2013); 19. Yoshinobu Takahashi (1998-2015); 18. Warren Cromartie (1984-1990), 17. Takashi Toritani (2004-2021); 16. Suguru Egawa (1979-1987); 15. Katsuya Nomura (1954-1980); 14. Tatsunori Hara (1981-1995); 13. Kazuhiro Kiyohara (1985-2008); 12. Masayuki Kakefu (1974-1988); 11. Masumi Kuwata (1986-2006); 10. Atsuya Furuta (1990-2007); 9. Randy Bass (1983-1988); 8. Daisuke Matsuzaka (1999-2006, 2015-2016, 2018-2019, 2021); 7. Tsuyoshi Shinjo (1991-2000, 2004-2006); 6. Hiromitsu Ochiai (1979-1998); 5. Hideo Nomo (1990-1994); 4. Hideki Matsui (1993-2002); 3. Shigeo Nagashima (1958-1974); 2. Sadaharu Oh (1958-1980); 1. Ichiro Suzuki (1992-2000).

    The man standing on one leg who became the greatest power hitter in the history of the sport

    Katsuya Nomura was drinking in the Ginza district of Tokyo when Sadaharu Oh walked in.

    Nomura was the best catcher in the Pacific League, a future Hall of Famer, a man who would eventually hit 657 home runs and manage four pennant winners. He was also, at this moment, the home run king of Japanese baseball, the man who had broken the record the previous season with 52. He invited Oh to join him.

    They drank and laughed and talked baseball. Then, around nine o’clock, Oh set down his glass and stood up.

    “Nomura-san,” he said, “I’m sorry to leave early. But Arakawa-san is waiting for me.”

    Nomura couldn’t believe it. He tried to pull Oh back. Come on, stay, we haven’t seen each other in a while. Oh shook his head. Hiroshi Arakawa, his hitting coach, was waiting. There was practice to be done.

    Oh left.

    Nomura sat there for a long moment after the door closed. “Ah,” he thought. “Someday he’s going to pass me.”

    He was right. He was more than right. By the time it was all over, Oh hadn’t merely passed Nomura. He had passed Babe Ruth. He had passed Hank Aaron. He had hit 868 home runs in a professional career, more than any player in the history of the sport. He had won fifteen home run titles, nine MVP awards, two Triple Crowns. He had anchored nine consecutive Japan Series championships. He had become the most decorated player in the history of Japanese baseball, and perhaps, depending on how you weigh these things, the greatest power hitter who ever lived.

    To understand how it all began, you need to understand what happened on the night of June 30, 1962.

    Oh was twenty-two years old and somewhat of a disappointment. He had come to the Yomiuri Giants as one of the most celebrated high school pitchers in Japan. As a left-handed flamethrower from Waseda Jitsugyo, he led his team to a national championship, once threw a no-hitter in extra innings at the sacred Koshien tournament, and had been pursued by every team in the country. There were reports he was signing with the Hanshin Tigers but the Giants, after learning he wasn’t planning on going to university, signed him for a figure that was extraordinary for a high school player.

    At his first training camp, the coaching staff realized he didn’t have the skills to be a professional pitcher so he was made a first baseman. But there was one problem: he couldn’t hit.

    Not at first. He had a few memorable moments. His first professional hit came on April 26, 1959 and was a home run. He said afterward that rounding the bases felt like running on clouds. He would hit 867 more. None of them, probably, felt quite like that one.

    He also homered in front of the emperor along with Shigeo Nagashima. But he batted a paltry .161 in his rookie season. He struck out 72 times in 193 at-bats, which works out to roughly one strikeout every three times up. The fans at Korakuen Stadium, the Giants home ballpark in central Tokyo, began a chant every time he came to the plate: Oh! Oh! Sanshin Oh!—King! King! Strikeout King! The “Oh” they were mocking was his surname, which means “king.” The irony was not exactly subtle.

    Off the field, the young Oh was less a serious professional than a teenager with money and time. He stayed out past curfew. He drank in Ginza. He slept until noon. He shared a room briefly with Nagashima, who later recalled the experience with obvious amusement: “No matter how much I shook him and said ‘Hey, Wan-chan!’ he would say ‘Sorry, just five more minutes please’ and go right back to sleep.”

    “Wan-chan,” by the way, was what Oh’s friends and teammates called him. His surname in Chinese is Wang, and also “wan” is close to how one, his uniform number, sounds in Japanese.

    Then one morning in the fall 1959, Oh opened the sports newspaper and read that Fumio Kitsugi, a powerful first baseman from Waseda University, was joining the Giants. Oh put down the paper and stood up. Kitsugi was a first baseman. Oh was a first baseman. If Kitsugi* took the position, Oh would be sitting on the bench. He went to practice that day with different eyes, and he never entirely stopped.

    *Kitsugi only played parts of two seasons with Yomiuri before being released. He signed with the Swallows for the 1962 season but retired at the end of the year.

    In his second and third seasons he improved, but not quite enough. He hit .270 and led the team with 17 home runs in 1960, but fell to .253 with 13 home runs in 1961. By late June in his fourth year, he was in a slump with only nine home runs, and he was being yanked from the lineup, and the situation had become desperate enough that after a 0-for-2 night on June 30, his manager pulled him from the game entirely.

    That night, Oh got into Arakawa’s car and they drove to Arakawa’s house.

    Hiroshi Arakawa was not a famous man. He had played nine seasons as an outfielder for the Mainichi Orions and never hit more than .270. What made him remarkable was something else entirely: he was a devoted student of Zen philosophy, a man who had spent years thinking about the relationship between mental stillness and physical movement, about the way the samurai tradition of focused, explosive action mapped onto the act of hitting a baseball. He had been brought on as the Giants’ hitting coach that spring at the suggestion of shortstop Tatsuro Hirooka, who had watched Arakawa work miracles with another struggling hitter.

    Now, late on the night of June 30, Arakawa looked at Oh and told him what he needed to do.

    The problem, Arakawa had concluded, was timing. Oh was starting his swing too late. His upper and lower body were moving at different speeds. The solution he proposed was something almost no one had ever tried in Japanese professional baseball.

    “Tomorrow,” Arakawa said, “when the pitcher lifts his leg, you lift yours.”

    Oh later said he didn’t fully remember how the one-legged stance began. I was in a slump, and one day Arakawa told me to try lifting my right foot, and in that at-bat everything just exploded. What the records show is this: on July 1, 1962, in the first game of a doubleheader against the Taiyo Whales in Kawasaki, batting leadoff, Sadaharu Oh lifted his right leg off the ground and became the most dangerous hitter in Japan.

    In his first at-bat he slapped a single to right. In his second at-bat, on an 0-and-2 count, he drove a pitch into the right field seats for his tenth home run of the season. In the fourth at-bat, with the bases loaded, he cleared them with a hit to center. Five at-bats, three hits, four runs batted in.

    The reporters didn’t even notice the new stance. Not one newspaper the next morning mentioned it. It was only when Oh kept hitting—one home run, then two, then three that week, then ten in the month of July alone—that people began to say: wait, what is he doing up there?

    He was standing on one leg.

    More specifically: as the pitcher entered his windup, Oh would lift his right foot off the ground, balancing entirely on his left leg, the tip of his bat tilted toward the mound. He would hold that position and then, in the moment of release, he would plant his foot and fire. The stance looked precarious, almost comic. He looked like a flamingo. But it was, in fact, the result of years of refinement and the product of one of the most extraordinary training regimens in the history of professional sports.

    Because Arakawa did not just tell Oh to lift his leg. He also made him swing a samurai sword.

    The logic was Zen: to hit a baseball with consistency, you needed to achieve a state of perfect mental clarity in the moment before action. A samurai drawing his sword against an opponent had to be entirely present, entirely focused, thoughts of fear and failure and the crowd purged from his mind. Arakawa brought in a master of iaido. the art of sword-drawing, and Oh spent hours and then years swinging an actual katana in Arakawa’s house, the blade cutting through a strip of paper hanging from the ceiling on a thread, the goal being not the cutting itself but the emptying of the mind that the cutting required.

    The floors of Arakawa’s training room wore down from the friction of Oh’s footwork. They had to replace the tatami mats repeatedly. A flooring manufacturer, hearing about this, developed a new kind of sports tatami based on the problem. Oh’s training literally changed how floors were built in Japan.

    Arakawa died in December 2016, at eighty-six. In his final years, when people asked him about Oh, he always gave the same answer. “The essence of martial arts,” he said, “is the mastery of an unshakeable mind. Oh, through his years of training, became a true master of that path.” He donated the sword he had used to teach Oh to the Baseball Hall of Fame inside Tokyo Dome, where it is still on display.

    Here is where the story gets complicated because the story of Sadaharu Oh is not simply the story of a man who worked very hard and became great.

    Oh’s father, Shifuku, had come to Japan from China in 1922. He ran a Chinese restaurant in Tokyo’s Sumida City. He carried a Chinese passport. He was arrested during the war on suspicion of being a foreign spy and Sadaharu’s earliest childhood memories included being carried on his mother’s back as they fled their neighborhood during the American firebombings that destroyed much of Tokyo.

    Sadaharu was born in 1940, the son of a Chinese father and a Japanese mother. He grew up speaking only Japanese. He went to Japanese schools. He played for the most beloved Japanese team. He became Japan’s most decorated baseball player. He was, by any measure of the lived experience, Japanese.

    But he was never allowed to forget that he was not, in the eyes of many, purely Japanese.

    He could not compete in the National Athletic Competition in high school because the tournament was restricted to native Japanese citizens. His team went to the event and insisted he wear his uniform anyway. They let him sit in the dugout. He just couldn’t play. He later described this as the most painful moment of his youth, more painful than any defeat on the field.

    Throughout his playing career, the newspaper coverage that celebrated his home runs also contained regular reminders that he was of Chinese descent. He could never become a Japanese citizen without renouncing his Chinese passport*, and he refused to do this because to renounce that passport felt to him like a betrayal of his father. His father had worked hard and built something in a country that had never fully welcomed him, and Sadaharu would not erase that.

    *His passport is for the Republic of China as it still governed the mainland when his father left for Japan. So he actually holds a Taiwanese passport.

    Oh was beloved, yes, but he was never beloved the way his teammate Shigeo Nagashima was beloved. Nagashima, the third baseman, was the face of Japanese baseball in a way that Oh, despite his superior statistics, could never quite become. Nagashima was exuberant and theatrical and purely Japanese. Oh was quiet and disciplined and half Chinese. The crowds screamed for both of them. But they screamed differently.

    Oh understood this. He wrote about it in his autobiography with characteristic honesty and without particular bitterness. He admitted that he could never match Nagashima in pure popularity, and he admitted that this had driven him to become something Nagashima couldn’t. “Nagashima-san was the eldest son of the Giants, the face, the one who carried all the responsibility. I was the second son, free to pursue records in my own way. That freedom is probably what let me accomplish what I did.”

    What he accomplished:

    In 1964, at twenty-four years old, Oh hit 55 home runs in a single season, a record that stood in Japan for nearly four decades. He hit them with such force—24 of the 55 traveled more than 120 meters (393 feet), and three cleared the stadium entirely—that the image some people have of him as a late-career craftsman hitting soft shots over short fences is simply wrong. The young Sadaharu Oh was a monster, a destroyer, a man who hit a ball into the concourse of an ice skating rink adjacent to Korakuen Stadium and who once drove a ball that struck the outfield light fixtures so hard the sound rang out across the park.

    That same season, the visiting Hiroshima Carp introduced a defensive alignment against him: six fielders deployed to the right side of the diamond, the entire left side of the field left open. It was almost identical to the shift Cleveland Indians manager Lou Boudreau had invented for Ted Williams eighteen years earlier. Oh, like Williams, refused to take the easy hit the other way. “It felt like a trap,” Oh said. “But I’m not especially clever, so I had no choice but to hit the way I always do.” He hit the ball over the shift instead. He hit it into the seats.

    Two days before the shift appeared, Oh had hit four home runs in a single game against the Hanshin Tigers. Four consecutive at-bats, four consecutive home runs, a feat that had never been done before. He had been hitless in his previous eight at-bats going into that game. “Even I was surprised,” he said afterward.

    He won the home run title in 1962. And then he won it again in 1963. And 1964. And 1965. And 1966. And 1967. And 1968. And 1969. And 1970. And 1971. And 1972. And 1973. And 1974. Thirteen consecutive home run titles. The MLB record is seven by Ralph Kiner. Oh won thirteen straight, and wound up with fifteen home run titles in total.

    He walked more than any player in Japanese history. 2,390 career bases on balls, a figure that eclipsed Babe Ruth’s American record at the time of Oh’s retirement. Only Barry Bonds has more. In his greatest single season, 1974, he drew 158 walks and was intentionally walked 45 times. Forty-five times, the opposing team decided it was safer to put him on base than to face him. His on-base percentage that season was .532. His OPS was 1.293. These numbers have not been approached in Japan since. His career on-base percentage is .446, higher than Bonds.



    He also scored more runs than anybody in Japanese history, crossing the plate 1,967 times. He won four batting titles and thirteen RBI titles. He won two Triple Crowns. He earned nine Golden Gloves for his work at first, and was named MVP nine times as well.

    In November 1974, Hank Aaron came to Japan for a home run exhibition. Forty thousand plus people filled Korakuen Stadium to watch the two men take turns hitting into the stands. Aaron, who had broken Ruth’s record earlier that spring, went first: ten home runs in twenty swings. Oh followed: nine. Aaron won, barely, in one of the stranger athletic competitions of the century—two old men (by baseball standards) hitting balls into the seats of a stadium in Tokyo while tens of thousands of people watched in a near-religious trance.

    Oh later wrote that he was saddened when Aaron retired in 1976. Not because the competition was over, but because he had genuinely loved having something to chase.

    He caught Aaron on September 3, 1977, in the third inning of a game against the Yakult Swallows at Korakuen Stadium. The pitcher was Yasujiro Suzuki, a tall right-hander the Swallows called Jumbo. Suzuki had told reporters before the game, as a joke: I guess I’ll be going to Saipan. The team had promised a trip to Saipan to whatever pitcher surrendered the record-breaking home run.

    The at-bat lasted six pitches. The stadium was wound so tight the crowd could barely breathe. Suzuki worked carefully: a ball outside, a fastball for a strike, a ball inside, a foul tip, a ball outside again. Full count.

    The sixth pitch was a sinker that drifted toward the middle of the plate.

    At 7:10 in the evening, Sadaharu Oh hit a line drive into the right field seats. Six paper balls exploded along the first and third base lines. Fireworks went off behind the outfield wall. The stadium became one enormous sound.

    Oh touched home plate, bounced once on both feet as a small, involuntary celebration, the kind of thing a coach had had to instruct him to do, since he had trained himself for twenty years not to show emotion after home runs, and was immediately engulfed by his teammates.

    After the game he found Suzuki in the hallway and apologized.

    Suzuki, to his credit, declined the Saipan trip. A professional’s pride, he explained. He had thrown the pitch so he would live with the consequences.

    He finished the season 13-9 and helped the Swallows win their first pennant. Oh later said he had followed Suzuki’s career closely after that night and had been genuinely moved by what the pitcher made of himself.

    Oh knew he was done in August of 1980. He told no one except his manager. That manager was, of course, none other than Shigeo Nagashima, his partner, his teammate, the other half of the ON Cannon, the man who had always been more beloved by the fans and who had always, privately, driven Oh to reach further than he thought he could. Oh told Nagashima he was retiring at season’s end. Nagashima talked him out of it. Oh stayed in the lineup, hit his thirtieth home run in October, and then told Nagashima again. Nagashima talked him out of it again. Then, before Oh could announce anything, Nagashima himself was dismissed by the Giants’ front office, a firing so sudden and unexpected that it sparked a boycott campaign against the team’s parent newspaper. Oh found himself still in uniform, now under a new manager, Motoshi Fujita, who asked him to stay on as player and assistant coach. He wavered. He was forty years old and hitting .236 but he was still Sadaharu Oh, still the Giants’ cleanup hitter, and the thought of abandoning the team in a moment of chaos weighed on him.

    In the end, he chose his own standard. It was the only standard he had ever really respected.

    At the retirement press conference, he sat before the reporters and smiled throughout. His eyes were full of tears.

    “It may sound presumptuous,” he said, “but I could no longer bat the way Sadaharu Oh bats. That happened more and more, one game at a time. I considered the possibility of combining playing with coaching duties, but to continue playing any longer would not be good for the team, the fans, or myself.”

    A few days later, he was at the Giants’ practice facility at the Tama River. There was no period of mourning, no transition. He had been a player and now he was a coach.

    The farewell ceremony came later, at the season-ending fan appreciation day. There was no dramatic flourish, no theatrical lap around the stadium. Oh gave a speech, walked to first base, the position he had manned for twenty-two years, and set his first baseman’s mitt down on the bag, quietly. That was all. He struck out in his genuine last at-bat. Then he took to the pitchers mound one last time and gave up a home run. Baseball is funny that way.

    He managed the Giants, then the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks, a team that had spent decades losing in a city that loved baseball and received very little in return. The Hawks years were humbling at first, the kind of humbling that a man accustomed to winning nine championships in a row is not prepared for. But he stayed, and he rebuilt, and in 1999, forty years after his first professional season, Sadaharu Oh won his first championship as a manager. It was, by all accounts, as meaningful to him as any of the eleven he had won as a player.

    He managed Japan’s national team in the first World Baseball Classic, in 2006, and won it. At the victory celebration, a foreign reporter asked him: are you Japanese or Chinese?

    “My father is Chinese,” Oh said, “and my mother is Japanese. I was born here and raised here and educated here and I have spent my life in Japanese professional baseball. Without any doubt, I am Japanese.”

    It was the most direct he had ever been on the subject, and he was sixty-five years old when he said it.

    You can argue about the comparisons to Aaron and Ruth and Bonds. People do argue about them, and they always will, and the arguments are not pointless. The quality of pitching, the size of the parks, the nature of the baseball all matter, and honest people can reach different conclusions about how much they matter.

    But here is what is not arguable: Sadaharu Oh spent twenty-two years hitting a baseball at the highest level available to him, in a country where baseball was the national religion, against opponents who had devoted their lives to stopping him, and he did it with a discipline and a focus that his peers and rivals and opponents all described in the same way. They described it as something close to frightening.

    Oh once said, when Ichiro asked him if batting had ever felt easy: “Every time I thought I’d grasped it, it would slip away. That happened over and over. It never felt easy, not once in my career.”

    Ichiro said later that this had been a kind of relief to hear. If Oh had never solved it either, then the struggle was simply what hitting was.

    There is one more thing worth knowing about Sadaharu Oh.

    He almost never refused to sign an autograph. He answered fan letters. He wrote back to children. Oh once said, with characteristic understatement: “My autograph probably isn’t worth very much.” That wasn’t modest. What he meant was that he had given so many of them that they were probably not worth much more than the paper they were on.

    The morning after he tied Hank Aaron’s record with his 755th home run, Oh stepped out of his house to find more than 160 fans waiting for him. Three police cars had been dispatched to manage the crowd. Oh signed for every single one of them.

    The policy traced back to a day when he was a boy at Korakuen Stadium watching the Giants. He went around asking players for autographs. Most of them said no. Only one said yes: Hawaiian-born outfielder named Wally Yonamine, who had come to Japan in the early 1950s and spent his career being treated as an outsider, a foreigner, a man who did not quite belong. Yonamine had signed without hesitation.

    Oh made a promise to himself that day: if he ever became a professional baseball player, he would be like Yonamine. He would never turn a child away.

    It is possible that Oh recognized something in Yonamine that he would spend his own career navigating: the experience of being celebrated and othered at the same time, of belonging completely to a place that would not quite claim you as its own. Or perhaps it was simpler than that. Perhaps a man had been kind to a boy, and the boy never forgot.

    That is the thing about Sadaharu Oh that the numbers, enormous as they are, do not quite convey. He was not a man who found the answer and went along with it. He was a man who understood that there was no final answer, only practice, only the next swing, only the paper hanging from the ceiling and the sword in his hands and the mind emptied of everything except the present moment.

    Eight hundred and sixty-eight times, the ball left the park.

    And every single one of them was earned.

    Thomas Love Seagull’s work can be found on his Substack Baseball in Japan

    https://thomasloveseagull.substack.com

  • The 1988 Major League-Japan All-Star Series

    The 1988 Major League-Japan All-Star Series

    by CHRIS HICKS

    Every Monday morning we will post an article from SABR’s award-winning books Nichibei Yakyu: Volumes I and II. Each will present a different chapter in the long history of US-Japan baseball relations. This week CHRIS HICKS tells us about the 1988 MLB vs. NPB all-star series.

    The 1988 Major League-Japan All-Star Series was the 24th time that major leaguers had gone on a goodwill tour of Japan. Although many independent tours had happened over decades, the semiannual Japan All-Star Series had only begun in 1986. On that tour, the major-league All-Stars won the series six games to one. Gearing up for the seven-game 1988 event, the American press, public, and those involved in professional baseball all expected a similar performance.

    Future Hall of Fame manager Sparky Anderson of the Detroit Tigers managed the US team, called the M.L. All-Stars, along with coaches Roger Craig of the San Francisco Giants and Alex Grammas of the Tigers. Anderson had previously managed the Cincinnati Reds in a tour of Japan in 1979, winning the series 14 to 2 with 1 tie. During a workout in Los Angeles on November 1, Anderson announced his goal for the team: winning all seven games. However, he also knew a sweep of the series would not be easy, acknowledging that the Japanese had much improved since the last time he was there. “If we don’t go and play them hard, they can beat us,” Anderson warned. He declared that the outcome would be determined mostly by the effort of the M.L. squad. Anderson added that the social aspect was what the players would remember for the rest of their lives. He spoke of reciprocal respect between the Japanese and American players, ensuring that “the players will never enjoy anything more than their 12 days in Japan.”

    The Major League Baseball Players Association and the commissioner’s office worked together to carefully assemble a squad of players. None of the players on the 1986 squad were chosen for this iteration of the tour. In contrast to the older players who toured Japan in 1986, the 1988 team was almost entirely a group of young stars and players who were just coming into their own, including Benito Santiago of the San Diego Padres, Willie McGee of the St. Louis Cardinals, Fred McGriff of the Toronto Blue Jays, and David Cone of the New York Mets. Five of the chosen players were later enshrined in the Hall of Fame: Greg Maddux of the Chicago Cubs, Paul Molitor of the Milwaukee Brewers, Alan Trammell of the Tigers, Barry Larkin of the Reds, and Kirby Puckett of the Minnesota Twins. Puckett commented, “You couldn’t put a better one together.” Six of the hitters had batting averages of .300 or above and five had more than 24 home runs. The pitching staff was also strong, including four 20-game-winners, all Cy Young Award contenders.

    The players were selected not only for their talent, but also for “their diplomatic skill.” At this point, Japan had emerged as an economic superpower, contending with the United States. Japan invested heavily in American industries and real estate. The popularity of Japanese products with American consumers resulted in a sizable trade deficit and threatened American manufacturing jobs, which led to resentment and anti-Japanese rhetoric. Politicians capitalized on the discontent of many Americans whose livelihoods were threatened by the shift in the economy during the 1980s. These leaders fanned anti-Japanese sentiment further. Lawmakers were even photographed destroying imported Japanese products with sledgehammers on the Capitol Hill lawn.

    At the same time, Congress passed major legislation benefiting the Japanese American community by a veto-proof majority. The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 was passed to address actions toward Japanese Americans in World War II. The measure acknowledged the injustice of placing Japanese Americans in internment camps, and provided reparation payment to them. It served as a formal apology and signified the intent to award those who had suffered internment a $20,000 tax-free disbursement. These reparation payments only later came to fruition, though. The funding that had been allocated for them disappeared before the payments were made. The next year’s austerity budget reduced or eliminated funding for many programs. Ironically, the Japanese government supported the American budget cuts, demanding continued financial austerity when it agreed to stabilize the US dollar in December 1988.

    During the 1988 season, Los Angeles Dodger Orel Hershiser’s scoreless streak was one of the top news stories. On September 28 Hershiser pitched 10 innings, extending his run to 59 scoreless innings and breaking Dodgers Hall of Famer Don Drysdale’s record of 58⅔ innings set in 1968. Drysdale, who was a broadcaster for the Dodgers, was in attendance. On the heels of Hershiser’s achievement, the Dodgers went into the playoffs, ending up in the World Series against the Oakland A’s. Hershiser’s Dodgers won the Series in five games; Hershiser was named the Series’ Most Valuable Player.

    During the 12-day stretch between the World Series and the start of the Japan tour, coverage of Hershiser dominated the sports pages. He originally declined to participate in the tour. However, his contract with the Dodgers expired at the end of the 1988 season, and he agreed to go on the tour, possibly hoping his performance would have a beneficial effect on his salary negotiations. He said he wanted to stay with the Dodgers, but was open to the possibility of playing in Japan in 1990, when he could change teams. The record-breaking streak was alive, and many expected him to lengthen it with more innings in the following season. In early 1989, Hershiser was able to leverage all of these factors to sign a record-breaking three-year contract worth $7.9 million with the Dodgers.

    The US All-Star team gathered for a workout in Los Angeles on November 1. Their flight left the next day, giving the players time to get acclimated to their surroundings. Although they could recover from the long flight before taking the field, they didn’t have the same opportunity to rest before playing their roles as ambassadors. It was a two-hour drive from the airport to their hotel, but mere minutes after arriving, the players had to appear at a press conference at the hotel.

    The Japanese public treated manager Anderson “with the reverence accorded a Zen master.”Japanese baseball fans were very welcoming, latching onto such stars as Hershiser and future Hall of Famer Puckett. Based on his physique, Puckett was likened to a Sumo wrestler; Hershiser was acclaimed for his historic performance on the mound in 1988. One Japanese reporter said of Puckett, “We have never seen anyone like him before.” An American reporter responded: “Neither have we.”

    The media did not disappoint its public by focusing coverage on these players. Hershiser, tapped to start the series opener, expressed concern about being at a disadvantage facing new batters. Still, Hershiser asserted that his “competitive juices will be flowing.”Puckett was also eager to get on the field in Japan, saying, “I’ve been off for almost a month, and I’ve got the itch to play again.” That evening, a banquet was held for the two teams. Hershiser was seen showing Japanese pitchers how he gripped different pitches. The American press referred to his demonstrations when they discussed Hershiser’s performance during the series.

    On November 5 the series began at the Tokyo Dome, the only domed stadium in Japan. The dome was at capacity, with 56,000 in attendance. In a broadcast first, ESPN aired the game live starting at 11:30 P.M. ET. The announcers ESPN used for this game and one other in the series were Baltimore Orioles broadcaster Jon Miller and future Hall of Famer Don Sutton, who had just retired after 23 years as a major-league pitcher.

    The Japanese All-Stars won the first game, 2-1. In the fifth inning Seattle Mariner Harold Reynolds drove in Willie McGee for the only M.L. run.The score was tied, 1-1, until the bottom of the ninth, when Japanese designated hitter Kazuhiko Ishimine of the Hankyu Braves hit a walk-off RBI single, known in Japan as a “sayonara hit,” on a pitch from San Diego Padres pitcher Mark Davis. This first game was an adjustment for the Americans. Not only had they not faced the Japanese pitchers before, but the crowds were different. They were largely silent until cheerleaders led them in “loud and monotonous” cheers.

    The second game of the series, on November 6, was also played at the Tokyo Dome, again before a sellout crowd of 56,000. The major leaguers went out to an early lead on a solo home runs by Cincinnati’s Barry Larkin and Ellis Burks of the Boston Red Sox. They added a third run in fifth inning as pinch-runner Vince Coleman stole second and third and scored on a wild throw by catcher Tsutomu Ito. In the fifth the Japanese tied the score on an error, a walk and three hits but the visitors retook the lead in seventh as Molitor singled in Burks.

    In the bottom of the seventh with one out, Hiromi Matsunaga and Akinobu Mayumi singled off David Cone. With runners at the corners, Shinji Hata grounded to second. Second baseman Vance Law attempted to tag Mayumi as he ran towards second, but Mayumi swerved out of the baseline to avoid the tag. Law then threw to first to retire Hatta as Matsunaga crossed the plate. The umpire ruled Mayumi safe a second and allowed the run. Anderson charged on to the field to protest and “a heated argument ensured,” but the call stood and the game was tied, 4-4.

    In the top of the ninth, after Molitor had knocked in Dave Henderson to give the major leaguers a 5-4 lead, reliever Genji Kaku of the Chunichi Dragons came in with Vince Coleman on first and Willie McGee on third. American umpire Jim Evans then called a balk, a rule that was rarely enforced in Japan, on Kaku allowing McGee to score. After the game Kaku complained, “How can they call a balk when we don’t even know what they are?”

    Down 6-4 in the bottom of the ninth, Matsunaga, Mayumi, and Hiromitsu Ochiai each singled off Cone to narrow the score to 6-5. Anderson brought in Doug Jones to close the game but Hideaki Takazawa greeted him with a double to tie the score. Jones then intentionally walked Yutaka Takagi to load the bases with one out before striking out slugger Kazuhiro Kiyohara and inducing Katsumi Hirosawa to ground out to third. As the teams had agreed not to play extra innings during the series, the game ended in a 6-6 tie.

    On November 8, Game 3 was played at Heiwadai Stadium in Fukuoka, where 32,000 fans saw the American bats come alive. The Americans topped the Japanese All-Stars 16-8. Willie McGee, Ellis Burks, Harold Reynolds, and Bobby Bonilla all hit home runs. Makoto Sasaki of the Nankai Hawks had three RBIs for the Japanese squad. He hit a home run off Orel Hershiser, who pitched in relief of Greg Maddux.During the game, the Americans had a guest in their dugout, Yasokichi “Sally” Konishiki. The 530-plus-pound Sumo wrestler from Hawaii was the heaviest Sumo competitor in history at that point. The players were fascinated by the hulking figure of Konishiki as he signed autographs for them.

    The Americans celebrated their first victory by joking around with the fans. Greg Maddux, for example, had a 10,000-yen note attached to a string and dangled it in front of fans. In 1988, the bill was worth US $81. Roger Craig faked throwing his cowboy hat to the crowd, and Rafael Palmeiro threw an empty baseball box into the stands. The fans, who were eager to see the American team, relished the attention.

    Hershiser had to leave the tour unexpectedly after the game. He returned home to California to be with his sick son. The two-month-old boy, Jordan, had been born with fluid in his lungs, making even a cold a serious condition. Hershiser had struggled mightily in this series, exiting with a 7.37 ERA, the polar opposite of the stats he turned in during the 1988 season. Despite this performance, the focus of the tour remained the interaction with the Japanese. Reflecting on his experience in Japan, Hershiser said the media and fans treated him “like … a rock star.”

    Game 4 took place on November 9 in Osaka’s Koshien Stadium. The crowd of 30,000 saw the Americans win their second game in a row, 8-2. Andres Galarraga of the Montreal Expos had three RBIs while Jimmy Key of the Toronto Blue Jays gave up just two hits with six strikeouts in five innings of work. The Japanese got their runs from a seventh-inning homer by the Hanshin Tigers’ Akinobu Mayumi off Mark Davis. Doug Jones of the Cleveland Indians closed out the game with three strikeouts in the final two innings.

    Game 5 saw a return to the Tokyo area on November 10 when 23,000 fans went to see the contest at Seibu Stadium in Tokorozawa. The Americans took their third in a row, 3-1. Cincinnati’s Danny Jackson, the New York Mets’ David Cone, and Kansas City’s Mark Gubicza combined to give up just three hits and strike out nine. Rafael Palmiero of the Cubs, Vince Coleman of the Cardinals, and Tim Laudner of the Twins had doubles; Coleman also had a stolen base.

    Also on November 10, the Cy Young Awards were also announced. Jackson and Cone finished second and third, respectively, in the National League vote and Gubicza finished third in the American League. The three men celebrated that night. Gubicza told reporters, “We were commenting on how nice it would have been if we could have been on the same staff together, but it turned out just great for all of us. We all had dream seasons.” The three pitchers had all been on the Kansas City Royals’ staff in 1986.

    In Game 6, on November 12, a sellout crowd watched as the Japanese squashed any ideas of a continued US winning streak. The Nippon team came back to win its second game, 5-4, behind the efforts of the Nankai Hawks’ Makoto Sasaki, who had two hits, two runs, and an RBI. Barry Larkin was the star for the Americans with two doubles and two RBIs. Greg Maddux, working in relief with a 3-0 lead, gave up five runs, six hits, two walks, and a wild pitch in a little over two innings; the result was four runs for the Japanese. In the field, first baseman Rafael Palmeiro had an error as a ball went under his glove and rolled to the left-field wall during Japan’s decisive seventh-inning rally.Hiromi Makihara of the Yomiuri Giants gained the win, pitching four scoreless innings and striking out Dave Henderson with a split-fingered fastball that American pitching coach Roger Craig had just taught him. This was the second and last game of the series that ESPN showed live.The games the cable network aired were the only two the M.L. All-Stars lost, showing their worst performances to the American television audience.

    The seventh and final game of the series was played on November 13 before a sold-out crowd at the Tokyo Dome. Vince Coleman had a solid day with three singles. Overall the game saw a lack of offense. It finished in a 0-0 tie after nine innings, again because of the series’ no-extra-inning rule. The Americans had a chance to score in the first after Coleman and Paul Molitor led off with singles, but Masumi Kuwata of the Yomiuri Giants retired Puckett on a groundball and struck out Fred McGriff and Bobby Bonilla. Mark Gubicza, David Cone, and Doug Jones allowed only three hits while striking out seven Japanese hitters.

    The major-league All-Stars won the series 3 games to 2 with 2 ties. The outstanding players of the series were Barry Larkin and Hiromi Makihara. Larkin hit .476 (10-for-21). Yomiuri Giants pitcher Makihara had nine strikeouts in nine innings and a Game 6 victory under his belt.

    Sparky Anderson said, “The Japanese should stop comparing themselves to Americans. They are good baseball players, period. They should stand on their own.” Hershiser commented, “Their pitching is real strong. I think it’s the closest thing they have to the big leagues.” Excuses abounded for why the major leaguers had not performed more strongly against the Japanese, whose talent was seen as far inferior to that of the Americans. According to Steve Wulf of Sports Illustrated, they included, “They weren’t in shape; they didn’t take the series seriously; they were playing under foreign circumstances.” To support the criticism that the major-league team was not taking the games seriously, Wulf pointed to the two teams’ behavior during batting practice. The Japanese were seen as taking a very serious approach, focusing on the game. In contrast, the Americans seemed to be overconfident, throwing around a football on the field instead of maximizing the practice.

    Wulf broached the idea of a US vs. Japan world series. Sparky Anderson praised the Japanese, commenting that pitcher Hiromi Makihara “would make any pitching staff in baseball.” Makihara, asked if he would like to play baseball in America, said, “If that is possible, I’d like to.” Anderson also liked the idea of eventually having a US vs Japan world series, but said it would take time for the Japanese talent levels to rise to the level of the Americans. Toru Shoriki, owner of the Yomiuri Giants, agreed. “Having a real world series between Japan and the US has been my lifelong dream,” he said. “We are still a long way away, but as this tour has shown, we are progressing.” Though the Americans still won the series, the fact that the Japanese came within one game of winning for the first time could be considered a moral victory.

    Read the full version of this article on the SABR website

  • Japan’s Favorite Players: No. 3, Shigeo Nagashima

    Japan’s Favorite Players: No. 3, Shigeo Nagashima

    by Thomas Love Seagull

    A recent poll for a TV special saw more than 50,000 people in Japan vote for their favorite retired baseball players. 20 players emerged from a pool of 9,000. Yes, they could only vote for players who are no longer active, so you won’t see Shohei Ohtani or other current stars on this list. Which is probably smart because I’m sure Ohtani would win by default. There are, however, players who were beloved but not necessarily brilliant, and foreign stars who found success after coming to NPB. Unsurprisingly, the list leans heavily towards the past 30 years, with a few legends thrown in for good measure.

    Over the next few weeks, I’ll be profiling each of these players. Some of these players I know only a little about, so this will be as much a journey for me as, hopefully, it will be for you. It’ll be a mix of history, stats, and whatever interesting stories I can dig up.

    For now, have a look at the list below and see how the public ranked them. I’ve included the years they played in NPB in parentheses.

    20. Alex Ramirez (2001-2013); 19. Yoshinobu Takahashi (1998-2015); 18. Warren Cromartie (1984-1990), 17. Takashi Toritani (2004-2021); 16. Suguru Egawa (1979-1987); 15. Katsuya Nomura (1954-1980); 14. Tatsunori Hara (1981-1995); 13. Kazuhiro Kiyohara (1985-2008); 12. Masayuki Kakefu (1974-1988); 11. Masumi Kuwata (1986-2006); 10. Atsuya Furuta (1990-2007); 9. Randy Bass (1983-1988); 8. Daisuke Matsuzaka (1999-2006, 2015-2016, 2018-2019, 2021); 7. Tsuyoshi Shinjo (1991-2000, 2004-2006); 6. Hiromitsu Ochiai (1979-1998); 5. Hideo Nomo (1990-1994); 4. Hideki Matsui (1993-2002); 3. Shigeo Nagashima (1958-1974); 2. Sadaharu Oh (1958-1980); 1. Ichiro Suzuki (1992-2000).

    The man who became more than the sport itself.

    The date is June 25, 1959. The place is Korakuen Stadium in Tokyo, and for the first time in the history of professional baseball in Japan, the Emperor is watching. Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako have come to see the Giants play the Tigers, and the country has paused. The game means something different now. The players have walked onto the field and into a kind of myth.

    The atmosphere inside the stadium is unlike any baseball game before or since. Noisemakers have been banned. The drums are silent. The crowd sits in something closer to the hush of a concert hall than the roar of a ballpark. The Giants’ manager purified himself twice that morning and barely spoke all day. Everyone understands that the normal rules of this sport are suspended for the evening.

    In the owner’s box, Matsutaro Shoriki watches with particular satisfaction. He is the man who made this night happen, who lobbied the imperial household for months, outmaneuvering the Pacific League, which had its own designs on an imperial game, steering the Emperor toward a Giants-Tigers matchup specifically. He has arranged everything. He sits near the Emperor and watches his team fall behind, then tie, then fall behind again, the score knotting itself back up as if the game understands its own significance and refuses to end undramatically. 

    By the ninth inning, it’s 4-4. The Giants are at home, which means the bottom of the ninth belongs to them. The Emperor is scheduled to depart at 9:15. It is past nine o’clock. The first batter due up is a twenty-three-year-old third baseman in only his second professional season, a young man from Chiba Prefecture with a swing like a screen door blowing open in a storm.

    Shigeo Nagashima steps to the plate.

    Shoriki leans over to the man sitting beside him and whispers: “Nagashima looks like he might hit a home run. Let’s watch.”

    The pitcher for the Tigers is Minoru Murayama, a rookie, a young man who will go on to become one of the finest pitchers in Japanese baseball history, who will strike out two thousand batters before he is done, who will be remembered as one of the greats. At this particular moment, he is twenty-one years old and standing sixty feet from the greatest stage his sport has ever offered him.

    Before we get to what happened, there is something you should know about the bat.

    Nagashima had a bat he preferred: a slim, light Al Simmons model, built for a hitter who wanted to make contact. He did not use it that day. That morning he had put it aside and picked up something heavier: a Ralph Kiner model, built for a man who hit 54 home runs in a single major league season. Nagashima had never used it in a game. He broke it out for the Emperor.

    This is who Shigeo Nagashima was. He did not come to that game hoping something dramatic would happen. He came prepared for it.

    The count is even at 2-2 in the ninth. Murayama’s fifth pitch, a fastball up and in. Nagashima’s bat flashed and the ball sailed toward the left-field foul pole, curling just inside it, and landed in the upper deck. A sayonara home run—a walk-off, in the American parlance—in front of the Emperor of Japan, in the game that more than any other single moment announced to the Japanese public that professional baseball was no longer minor, no longer secondary, no longer a sport for weekday afternoons. It was the national pastime now. It was now the thing Japan watched.

    Shoriki—the man who had engineered the entire evening, who had whispered his prediction to his neighbor thirty seconds earlier—stood there looking like he couldn’t believe it.

    As Nagashima rounded third base, he looked up. The Emperor was leaning forward out of his seat. His Majesty had been scheduled to depart at 9:15. It was 9:12.

    Murayama spent the rest of his life insisting the ball was foul. “That was absolutely a foul ball,” he maintained for decades, with the particular conviction of a man who has decided that history got something wrong and intends to correct it. When he struck out Nagashima for his 1,500th career strikeout, years later, he said: “Now I’ve repaid the debt from the Emperor’s Game.” He went to his grave still arguing. In 2023, 64 years after the home run, NHK colorized the original footage using artificial intelligence, and the ball appeared on screen in crisp, undeniable clarity: fair, passing to the right of the foul pole. Murayama had been wrong for six decades. He was not alive to hear it*.

    *This game sparked the famous rivalry between Murayama and Nagashima. Murayama also recorded his 200th strikeout against Nagashima. His fixation on Nagashima even appeared in his personal life: when he noticed that the last four digits of his home telephone number, “3279,” could be read as a pun meaning “crying over 3” (Nagashima’s jersey number), he pushed to have it changed.

    Years later, Nagashima reflected that the game had changed everything, not just for him personally, but for the sport itself. Professional baseball, he said, had until that night been something minor in the lives of Japanese people. After that, baseball became everything.

    That is about as modest as a man can be while describing the moment he changed his country. He does not mention the bat.

    That same night, after the stadium had emptied and the Emperor had gone home and the newspapers were already setting their front pages, Shigeo Nagashima almost certainly went home and swung a bat in the dark.

    No, this is not a metaphor. He had built a practice room in his house specifically for this purpose, and the ritual was absolute: he did not sleep until the swing felt right. Some nights that took fifteen minutes. Other nights he was still in there when the sky began to lighten. It did not matter whether the Giants had won or lost, whether he had gone four-for-four or oh-for-four. On game days, especially, he would skip his bath at the stadium entirely, unwilling to let the physical memory of the day’s at-bats fade from his body, and come home still in his game-day sweat to stand alone in that room and swing.

    He turned the lights off. Darkness was not an obstacle; it was the point. In the dark, there was only the sound of the bat.

    “When the bat speed is too fast,” he explained once, “it means my body is opening up and my contact point has drifted too far back. The sound tells me everything.” A short, sharp crack at the right moment in the swing meant the mechanics were correct. He would not stop until he heard that sound.

    This is the man Japan called a natural. The man they called effortless. The man they held up, for decades, as the contrast to his teammate Sadaharu Oh. “The effort of Oh, the genius of Nagashima,” went the saying, as though genius and effort were opposites, as though one person could not contain both. Nagashima heard that characterization throughout his career and seems to have done nothing to correct it. He had, by all accounts, a strong aesthetic preference for making difficulty look easy, for concealing the machinery behind the performance. If people believed the swing was God-given, he was not going to argue with them.

    But the sweat-soaked work gloves told a different story.

    He was born on February 20, 1936, in Usui, a small town in Chiba Prefecture near the shores of Lake Inba. 1936 is also the year professional baseball in Japan began, a coincidence that feels less like coincidence and more like something out of mythology. His father was a local government official; his mother was, by all accounts, a woman of formidable will. She sewed his first baseball glove herself. When there were no real baseballs, she made one from marbles and hard cloth. His first bat was a length of green bamboo, split and shaped by hand.

    He grew up idolizing Fumio Fujimura, the great Osaka Tigers slugger, and covered the walls of his room with Fujimura’s photographs which made him, as a boy in the Tokyo suburbs, an unusual Hanshin fan. He would imitate Fujimura’s long, sweeping swing, the one they called the “clothesline pole.” In high school he was not particularly well known. He moved from shortstop to third base after committing four errors in a single game at a practice match; his coach converted him mid-game and Nagashima immediately looked like he had been born to play third.

    He attracted serious attention for the first time with one swing: a rocket at a regional tournament that the newspaper of the day estimated at three hundred and fifty feet, a line drive that hit the grass beyond the warning track and stayed low. That home run was seen by a scout, who told a journalist, who told another scout, and the chain of conversations that followed eventually led to a recommendation that Nagashima visit Rikkyo University and speak with its baseball coach, a man named Kuninobu Sunaoshi.

    What happened at Rikkyo would set the template for everything that followed. Sunaoshi saw Nagashima’s talent immediately and subjected him to what was later recalled as special-treatment brutal training: running thirty minutes each day after team practice to arrive at the coach’s house, where a bat twice the normal weight was waiting. One thousand swings a day. There were no batting gloves in that era, so Nagashima wore cotton work gloves, and the work gloves soaked through with blood from his burst blisters, and when they did, he rinsed them out and put them back on and kept swinging.

    The model for those swings was a sequence of photographs that Sunaoshi had obtained of Joe DiMaggio. They were frame-by-frame stills of DiMaggio’s mechanics, showing a lower-body-led swing that had not yet been theorized or systematized in Japan. Nagashima studied those photographs obsessively. He used American-made Louisville Slugger bats, imported through a trading company, for nearly his entire professional career. He won two batting titles in the Tokyo Big6 University League. He led Japan’s national team to the Asian Championship in 1955. Every team in Japan wanted him, and the Nankai Hawks offered more money than the Yomiuri Giants. But his mother asked him to stay in Tokyo, and that was that.

    His rookie season, 1958, was extraordinary.

    He won the home run title and the RBI title. He was the first rookie in Japanese baseball history to do both simultaneously. His 92 RBI were a Central League rookie record. His 34 doubles were a Central League rookie record that stood for seven decades. His 153 hits were a Central League rookie record until 2019. He played every inning of every game, the first player in Central League history to accomplish that. He stole 37 bases while batting cleanup.

    And in that first season, there was the debut against Masaichi Kaneda.

    Kaneda was the greatest pitcher in Japanese baseball, a lefthander of intimidating velocity and contempt, and he had heard a radio analyst praise Nagashima so effusively before the season that he had spent weeks in special preparation, timing his arm to peak precisely for their first meeting. On April 5, 1958, Nagashima came to the plate four times and struck out four times, each swing a full-commitment lunge that accomplished nothing except to make an enormous sound and send his helmet flying. The crowd roared at the strikeouts.

    Nagashima came back the next year and hit a home run off Kaneda on Opening Day, and their career duel ended with Nagashima hitting .313 against Kaneda with 18 home runs.

    Here is something worth sitting with: Shigeo Nagashima was not supposed to be the most popular player in Japanese baseball history. The logic of statistics would have assigned that distinction elsewhere. His teammate Sadaharu Oh hit 868 home runs, the most in professional baseball history, on earth, ever. Oh won fifteen consecutive home run titles. By almost any measure you choose to apply, Oh’s numbers were more dominant, his peak more extreme, his production more consistent.

    Even in America, Sadaharu Oh is well-known. Nagashima is unheard of.

    And yet.

    Ask anyone in Japan who grew up watching them both, and the answer comes back the same way, with a particular warmth that data cannot explain. Nagashima. Always Nagashima.

    There is a debate to be had here, and it is not entirely comfortable, because part of the explanation is simply that Nagashima was ethnically Japanese and Oh was the son of a Taiwanese father, and Japan in the 1960s was not a country that offered its full embrace to those it considered outsiders. That is a real part of the story. It would be dishonest to leave it out.

    But it’s not the whole story. Consider the batting order. During the sixteen seasons they played together, Oh batted third and Nagashima fourth in 1,061 games, the most common arrangement. And 146 times, opposing pitchers intentionally walked Oh in order to face Nagashima instead. Think about that. The man with 868 career home runs was being bypassed so the pitcher could take his chances with the cleanup hitter. Oh never won a Japan Series MVP award, while Nagashima won four, and Oh once addressed this with characteristic grace: “The pressure I put on opponents was enormous. I think I fulfilled my role. I just never got the car.” 

    He meant the car that came with the MVP prize. He was smiling when he said it.

    The pair won 11 Japan Series titles together as teammates, including 9 in a row from 1965-1973. The dynasty became known as V9.

    The statistics bear out what the pitchers feared. Batting fourth, Nagashima hit .314 with 314 home runs across 1,460 games. Batting third, the numbers fell to .291 with 112. The cleanup spot summoned something from him that no other position in the order could. Manager Tetsuharu Kawakami understood this intuitively, that the home run king could fulfill his role by drawing walks and setting the table, while the burning man needed to bat fourth, needed the runners on base, needed the stadium holding its breath. The V9 Giants had two cleanup hitters. Kawakami was wise enough to know which one should wear the title.

    The people who loved Nagashima most were not loving him out of prejudice. They were loving him for something that statistics have never been built to capture.

    Watch the way he played third base. He stood a step and a half deeper than most third basemen, which let him cover extraordinary ground going to his right — he was famous for ranging into the shortstop’s territory — and when he threw, his arm followed through with a flourish, a little wave of the hand, a gesture borrowed from kabuki, the Japanese theatrical tradition in which every movement is a declaration. His throws, according to Oh himself, were the easiest in the league to catch: perfect rotation, perfect carry, a baseball thrown the way a textbook would throw it if a textbook could throw. And then the little wave.

    He calculated where his helmet would land when he swung and missed, so that it would fly off at the right angle to thrill the crowd. He thought about that. He worked on it. He believed, deeply and professionally, that even a strikeout was a performance he owed the fans.

    Katsuya Nomura, the great catcher who spent his career crouching behind home plate and whispering doubt into opposing batters’ ears, attempted his trademark psychological destabilization on Nagashima once, pointing out a supposed flaw in his batting stance. Nagashima stopped, took a practice swing, and hit the next pitch for a home run. As he crossed home plate, he turned to Nomura and said, “Thank you for the tip.”

    The most authoritative summary of what made Nagashima different came from Isao Harimoto, the man who holds the all-time NPB hits record. Harimoto looked at the career statistics—.305 average, 2,471 hits, 444 home runs, 190 stolen bases—and noted that none of them were records, and that his own numbers were higher in most categories. Then he said this: Oh could hit home runs but was not fast. Harimoto himself produced hits in great quantities but his right hand was damaged and his defense suffered for it. “But Nagashima had no weaknesses,” Harimoto wrote. “He had everything.” If you want to picture him, Harimoto suggested, think of Ichiro, just one size larger, and able to hit home runs, too.

    Harimoto also noted something about Nagashima’s character that several of his contemporaries observed independently: he never spoke badly of anyone. In the normal social life of a professional baseball clubhouse, when conversation drifted toward gossip about other players, Nagashima simply did not engage. “In one word,” Harimoto wrote, “he was like the sun. Always bright. That’s why he could draw fans to him.” Oh and Harimoto, between them, held records that Nagashima could not match. Neither of them, they both understood, could match what he was.

    Over seventeen seasons, Nagashima collected 2,471 hits and 444 home runs and won six batting titles and five Most Valuable Player awards and became the only player in the history of Nippon Professional Baseball to be named to the Best Nine in every single season he played. Not most seasons. Every season. All seventeen. He hit .305 for his career; .343 in the Japan Series; .313 in All-Star Games. He is the only player in NPB history to hit .300 in all three categories simultaneously.

    He was intentionally walked 205 times, the most ever by a right-handed batter in Central League history. In his first season alone, opponents walked him intentionally six games in a row. There is a moment from 1968 that captures what it meant to be pitched around in that era: in a game against the Dragons, Nagashima put down his bat after two consecutive intentional-ball pitches, walked to the plate and stood in the batter’s box with his bare hands raised. No bat. The pitcher threw two more balls and walked him anyway.

    His four Japan Series MVP awards are the most in history. His career totals in the Japan Series—91 hits, 25 home runs, 66 RBI, 184 total bases—are all-time records.

    The 1974 season had been the first in which he looked mortal. It would be his last. His average fell to .244, the worst of his career. His perfectly struck balls, which for sixteen years had found gaps as if directed by some internal compass, now flew straight at fielders. Nagashima noticed and made it into a small joke. “My hits have become honest,” he said, using a Japanese word, sunao, that means obedient, straightforward, no longer tricky. He smiled when he said it. That was the whole of his public complaint.

    His retirement had almost happened on October 13th. The Giants were scheduled to play a Chunichi doubleheader at Korakuen, and the plan was set: Nagashima would play, the ceremony would follow, and seventeen seasons of number 3 would come to an end. But it rained all day, and the games were postponed, and that night the Giants’ public relations director stood outside looking up at the sky, praying for it to clear.

    October 14th came in clear and cool, a bright autumn Monday. The Giants took the field for game one of the doubleheader against the Chunichi Dragons, the same Dragons who had clinched the pennant two days earlier, ending the V9 and completing one of the most historic achievements in Japanese baseball. The next morning’s newspapers barely mentioned it. The front pages were about Nagashima. Most of Chunichi’s stars were in Nagoya for the championship parade. Nagashima batted third and played third, and in his second at-bat he hit his 444th career home run, added two more hits, and finished with the 186th multi-hit game of his career. The Giants won 7-4.

    After the final out, both teams went to their dugouts. The field emptied. For a moment, Korakuen Stadium held forty thousand people in silence.

    Then Nagashima came back out.

    This was not in the script. The team had asked him not to do it but he had refused. “The ceremony won’t take me close to the outfield,” he said. “I want to greet my fans.” So he walked out of the first-base dugout and turned toward right field, alone on the grass, and began to move along the warning track. The stands erupted. People were screaming his name, and crying, and screaming his name again.

    He was smiling. And then, somewhere along the track, his feet stopped.

    He reached into his pocket and took out a small towel and brought it to his face. His shoulders moved. The crowd, which had been roaring, went quiet to let a man cry. And then they were crying too, all of them, the stadium full of people weeping in the autumn afternoon with Shigeo Nagashima standing alone on the warning track with a towel over his face.

    He played the second game. He batted fourth and played third. His last hit was a single to center field. His last at-bat was a double-play grounder to short.

    The Giants won 10-0. By the time the ceremony began, the stadium lights had taken over for the sun, and when the moment arrived, the lights around the field were switched off one by one until a single spotlight remained, cutting through the October dark, finding the man in the number 3 jersey. 



    The scoreboard glowed: MR. G, GLORIOUS NUMBER 3.

    Nagashima raised his voice and said: “I retire here today but our Giants will live forever.”

    In the stadium and in living rooms across Japan, people wept again.

    He later wrote: “I was called ‘The Burning Man’ by my fans. But nothing keeps burning forever. The more intensely something burns, the bigger the sense of loss after it is extinguished.”

    He was known by many other names: Mr. Giants, Golden Boy, Mr. Professional Baseball, and even just Mr.

    He went on to manage the Giants twice, winning two more Japan Series championships.

    The second championship came in 2000, when Nagashima’s Giants faced Oh’s Hawks in the Japan Series, the two old teammates meeting as opposing managers to close out the century. For fans who had grown up watching them both, the outcome was almost beside the point. The confrontation itself was the thing. The sport had begun in 1936, the year Nagashima was born, and now here were its two greatest players, grey-haired in dugouts on opposite sides of the field, finishing the century together the way they had filled it.

    Here is what I keep coming back to: the swing room, the light offs, and the sound.

    There are players who practice in secret because they are ashamed of their weaknesses. Nagashima practiced in secret because he was protective of his image, yes, but also because the dark was simply where the work got done. In the dark there was no audience to perform for, no helmet to angle correctly, no kabuki flourish to calibrate. There was only the question of whether the swing was right, and the sound that answered it, and the willingness to keep going until the answer was yes.

    Japan called him a natural. The genius, not the worker. The flame, not the fuel. And he let them, because that was part of the performance too, because he understood that what the country needed from him was not evidence of struggle but evidence that excellence was possible, that a young man from Chiba could step to the plate in front of the Emperor and hit the ball over the fence and make the whole nation feel, for a moment, that it was capable of anything.

    He played every season in the Best Nine. He batted .514 in games attended by the Imperial Family. He thanked Nomura for the strikeout tip. He swung in the dark until the sound was right, and then he went to bed, and the next day he made it look easy.

    Some players have careers. Nagashima had a whole country.

    Thomas Love Seagull’s work can be found on his Substack Baseball in Japan

    https://thomasloveseagull.substack.com